tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15856921176764170422024-03-14T02:21:40.789-07:00Nyu college essaySamples Argumentative Essay Topicsdoriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-13675184803463870932020-08-24T02:19:00.001-07:002020-08-24T02:19:03.449-07:00Science project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-90274301898472062242020-08-22T00:19:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:19:13.398-07:00Urban Legend of Cry Baby Bridge :: Urban Legends Ghost StoriesUnpleasant brat Bridge In April I plunked down with a companion at my home and got some information about any urban legends or apparition stories he had experienced. After two or three legends he had found in motion pictures, he referenced a spooky scaffold around ten minutes from downtown. He is a twenty-one year-old White male; his dad claims a machine store and his mom assists with the books. He originally heard this story in the ninth grade from a few companions. As far as anyone knows, they had gotten notification from kids who had really been to the scaffold and heard unusual things around evening time. The extension is situated off of Uniontown street, between a couple old homesteads. He has not experienced the scaffold direct yet recollects the story encompassing it: Around thirty years prior there was a little youngster in affection with her beau. At some point, he persuaded her to take their relationship to the following level, revealing to her how profoundly he gave it a second thought. Two or after three weeks, she discovered that she had gotten pregnant, and concluded it was ideal to conceal it from him. They stayed in touch throughout the following not many months, and he disclosed to her that they would be together for eternity. At the point when her dad understood that she was having a child without marriage, he made her go out until she returned with a spouse. At the point when the infant young lady was conceived, she chose to inform the beau regarding the youngster, by carrying her to his home. He lived on a little homestead directly outside town and you needed to disregard a little stream on a scaffold to return to his home. As she opened the entryway, she strolled in on him with another young lady. Loaded up with outrage, (delay) she gets in her vehicle and speeds off. Presently she was unable to get back unmarried and had lost her solitary love due to this one kid. As she investigated at the infant, she is just helped to remember her beau and the picture of him with the other young lady. (tone increments) Finally, she arrived at the extension, at that point pummeled on the breaks. She got out and in a snapshot of wrath tossed the child over the scaffold to free her of the infant girlââ¬â¢s inconveniences. Soon thereafter, the police were warned about a homicide at the scaffold and came to discover the young lady swinging from the extension. Urban Legend of Cry Baby Bridge :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories Whiny brat Bridge In April I plunked down with a companion at my home and got some information about any urban legends or apparition stories he had experienced. After two or three legends he had found in motion pictures, he referenced a spooky scaffold around ten minutes from downtown. He is a twenty-one year-old White male; his dad claims an apparatus store and his mom assists with the books. He previously heard this story in the ninth grade from two or three companions. Apparently, they had gotten notification from kids who had really been to the scaffold and heard peculiar things around evening time. The extension is situated off of Uniontown street, between a couple old homesteads. He has not experienced the scaffold direct yet recalls the story encompassing it: Around thirty years prior there was a little youngster in adoration with her sweetheart. At some point, he persuaded her to take their relationship to the following level, revealing to her how profoundly he gave it a second thought. A long time later, she discovered that she had gotten pregnant, and concluded it was ideal to conceal it from him. They stayed in touch throughout the following not many months, and he revealed to her that they would be together until the end of time. At the point when her dad understood that she was having a child without marriage, he made her go out until she returned with a spouse. At the point when the infant young lady was conceived, she chose to educate the sweetheart regarding the kid, by carrying her to his home. He lived on a little ranch directly outside town and you needed to disregard a little waterway on a scaffold to return to his home. As she opened the entryway, she strolled in on him with another young lady. Loaded up with outrage, (stop) she gets in her vehicle and speeds off. Presently she was unable to get back unmarried and had lost her solitary love on account of this one kid. As she investigated at the infant, she is just helped to remember her sweetheart and the picture of him with the other young lady. (tone increments) Finally, she arrived at the extension, at that point pummeled on the breaks. She got out and in a snapshot of wrath tossed the infant over the scaffold to free her of the infant girlââ¬â¢s inconveniences. Soon thereafter, the police were warned about a homicide at the scaffold and came to discover the young lady swinging from the extension. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-75490418850622938652020-07-16T11:06:00.001-07:002020-07-16T11:06:02.571-07:00How Have Movie Stars Salaries Changed Over TimeHow Have Movie Stars Salaries Changed Over Time How Have Movie Stars Salaries Changed Over Time? How Have Movie Stars Salaries Changed Over Time?Movie star salaries have actually gone down in recent decades, but dont worry, shares of the box office have been keeping Hollywoods biggest stars in the green.With the Oscars coming up, itâs a great time to reflect on the glitz and glamor of Hollywood. Many people would suggest that movie stars are a bit overpaid, including famous adamantium-clawed Australian movie star, Hugh Jackman.But many of those same people are still enthralled by their lifestyles and wealth. So letâs just indulge that fascination for an article or so and find out how movie star salaries have changed over time. Before we dig in, letâs just address some possible ambiguity of how movie stars make their money.âKeep in mind that many movie star âsalariesâ are now achieved through TV, endorsements, etc.,â explained director, producer, and author Dan Mirvish. âFor many actors, they take a cut in salary to work in awards-caliber and independent films. S tandard wages on an indie range anywhere from as little as $125 a day (SAG Ultra Low Budget scale) to $70,000 for a total shoot (this is called SAG Schedule F and is a standard for many films).âThe Golden Age.Cinemaâs earliest stars werenât often individuals. They were a train coming out from a tunnel or a group of workers leaving a factory. La Voyage Dans La Lune might have been one of the first sci-fi films, but the only face you could probably recognize from it would be Bleuette Bernon, and even then only if she was wearing white face paint and had a spaceship in her eye.However, you wouldnât have known thatâs who the moon was from watching the credits. Because there were no credits. Early silent films rarely, if ever, credited the actors who appeared in them. That is, until Florence Lawrence.The early studio heads were worried that crediting actors and actresses would cause them to gain a level of notoriety that would allow the performers to demand higher wages. But C arl Laemmle, founder of Universal Studios, decided to try the opposite approach. After secretly spreading a rumor that actress Florence Lawrence had died in a streetcar accident, he took out ads âdebunkingâ the rumor and revealed that she was actually still alive. He then gave her the first American screen credit for her starring role in The Broken Oath. This was the beginning of the âstar systemâ and the origin of movie star salaries.Before working for Laemmle, Lawrence had been earning $25 a week from director D.W. Griffith. Thatâs about $660 today. Within a couple years The Broken Oath debuting, Lawrence was earning $500 per week, the equivalent of $624,000 per year when inflation is factored in.Soon afterward, a British comedian by the name of Charlie Chaplin made his way to the United States. After a quick rise to fame, Chaplin was able to sign a studio deal that provided him with a $150,000 signing bonus and $10,000 a week salary. Or, to put it in modern terms, a $3 ,658,733 signing bonus on top of $243,915 per week.Through the mid-century.While many Americans lost their livelihood during the Great Depression, movie star salaries stayed high. Gary Cooper, star of Souls at Sea and Mr. Deeds Goes to Town earned $370,214 ($6,455,786 today) in 1937.Salaries continued to hover around that area after World War Two. Charlton Heston, for example, was paid $250,000 in 1958 ($2,172,205 in modern money) just for appearing in Ben Hur. The following year would set a new record for salaries, however, when Elizabeth Taylor said she would only appear in Cleopatra for $1,000,000 ($8,629,100 now), though delays in filming brought her total compensation up to $7,000,000 (currently $57,442,739) by the end of production.A payout that huge was still the exception, but salaries would get a jolt in the decades to come. Why? Two big reasons were the growth of big franchises and stars getting a cut of the box office. And one movie, in particular, is a good representatio n of both.Leave the money, take the points. Although stars had been cutting deals to get a percentage of a filmâs profits since the silent days, it wasnât until the age of the blockbuster that these deals really started printing money for the actors who signed them.One of the most famous Hollywood paydays went to Jack Nicholson, for his role as The Joker in Tim Burtonâs Batman. At the time Batman was being cast, Nicholsonâs standard fee was $10,000,000. But for Batman, he agreed to take $6,000,000 so that he could get a cut of the box-office AND the merchandise sales. This gamble paid off for Nicholson many times over, as he earned around $60,000,000 (around $121,503,306 today) in total from the caped crusader caper.But Nicholson didnât appear in anymore Batman movies. As Robert Downey Jr. showed, youâll start really pulling in the big bucks once youâre a vital part of a multi-billion dollar franchise. His Marvel salaries are not definitively known, but the following is based on the reasonable estimates of those who cover the industry.When Downey Jr. was first cast in Iron Man, he was considered a bit of a risky proposition due to his longstanding struggles with addiction. To that end, he was paid âonlyâ $500,000 for his starring role as Tony Stark. It was, of course, an enormous success that launched not only a franchise, but a cinematic universe. By the time Iron Man 2 rolled around, Downey Jr. was able to pull $10,000,000. When Avengers: End Game rolls out, Downey Jr. will have likely earned around $240,500,000 just from the Marvel films. That doesnât even factor in his other roles during that time in franchises like Sherlock Holmes, which was profitable enough to justify a similarly profitable sequel.Of course, thatâs across the span of an entire decade. If youâre looking for an impressive one-time check, Keanu Reevesâs box-office cut plus salary from The Matrix: Reloaded amounted to over $126,000,000 ($174,988,159 today), the la rgest single payout for one movie to this day. It was filmed back-to-back with Reloaded, so Reeves pulled in $206,000,000 ($286,091,752) for that one job.That all being said, as Mirvish mentioned up top, many movie stars donât actually get the bulk of their income from starring in movies. George Clooney is a perfect example, who topped the list of highest paid movie stars in 2017, not for any role, but by selling his tequila brand for $700,000,000.Itâs like that famous line says: thereâs no business like show business, except the tequila business, which is apparently even more profitable. Enjoy the Oscars everybody! If you enjoyed this post, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Is There a Secret Money Lesson Hidden In âThe Wizard of Oz?âHorror Films Cost Very Little to Make and They Make a LOT of Money10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA HistoryMoney at the Movies: Which Avenger Gives Marvel the Most Bang for Its Buck?Have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us on Facebook and Twitter. | InstagramContributorsDan Mirvish is a director, screenwriter, producer, and author. Hes just finished the award-winning, critically-acclaimed feature Bernard and Huey, scripted by Oscar/Pulitzer-winner Jules Feiffer, and starring Oscar-winner Jim Rash and David Koechner which screened in over 30 film festivals on 5 continents and is currently in theatrical release by Freestyle Releasing/Entertainment Studios in the US. Dan is the author of the bestselling non-fiction book The Cheerful Subversives Guide to Independent Filmmaking from Focal Press/Routledge. His film Between Us, an award-winning feature starring Julia Stiles and Taye Diggs, played in 23 festivals in 7 countries, and got a 50+ city theatrical release in the US, and sold to 144 countries, plus screening on Netflix, Showtime, Starz and all digital outlets. Dan was mentored by Robert Altman on his first film, Omaha (the movie), which led him to co-found the upstart Slamdance Film Festival. His film Open House prompted the Academy Awards to controversially rewrite their rules on the Best Original Musical category. Mirvish also co-wrote his bestselling, critically-acclaimed novel I Am Martin Eisenstadt based on the fake McCain advisor who took credit for Sarah Palin not knowing Africa was a continent. A former speechwriter for U.S. Sen. Tom Harkin, Dan has a masters degree from USC film school, is a member of the Directors Guild of America and has guest lectured at more than 25 film schools and universities. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-38267578190996466242020-05-21T14:39:00.001-07:002020-05-21T14:39:03.604-07:00Stela of Mentuwoser Essay - 696 Words An Analysis of Stela of Mentuwoser The Stela of Mentuwoser is a piece of funerary art from the Middle Kingdom period that was given to Mentuwoser by King Senwosret for his loyal services. Mentuwoser had many accomplishments and was thought to be a man of the people. The Stela of Mentuwoser displays the respect people had for him and what he had done for the people of his nation. It also gives us a look into some of the traditions of his time. The Stela clearly expresses the amount of accomplishments Mentuwoser had achieved. The majority of the Stela of Mentuwoser is taken up by hieroglyphics. These hieroglyphics have been interpreted to be about all of the deeds he did for the people of Egypt. Some of the included accomplishmentsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Needless to say, the artist makes it pretty clear that the Stela is a tribute to Mentuwoser by making him the undeniable focal point of the image. The image shown also gives the viewer a glimpse into some of the traditions of th e days of the Middle Kingdom. The food served in the image is displayed vertically in order of the mealââ¬â¢s courses from bottom to top. It included many different food items including bread, ribs, and squash among a few more. It is likely that these items were common for feasts of this importance, giving us an idea of what foods were likely to be valuable or desired back in the Middle Kingdom. Secondly, in the inscriptions, the Stela makes it clear that the visual of Mentuwoser and the prayers that are written on the Stela are to give him nourishment and rebirth during annual festivals that honor Osiris. At these festivals, family members would visit and honor the stelae in the chapels they were displayed in. By using both visual and written commemoration, the Stela is able to reach those who were unable to read. Both factors give the viewer an enormous look into Egyptian tradition and religion, showing the importance of the afterlife in their culture and the respect they have for the dead. There are many features the artist uses to display the views the people of Mentuwoserââ¬â¢s time had for him. The last line of the inscriptions on the stela reads as follows: ââ¬Å"â⬠¦as you love life and hate death, as you want Foremost ofShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptians On The Afterlife1653 Words à |à 7 Pagesstelae was the Stela of the Steward Mentuwoser (figure 1), which depicted a funerary banquet to an honorary official during the second intermediate period of the twelve dynasty. Senusret I presented this painted limestone stela to Mentuwoser while he was alive in order to show his appreciation for his work, and to ensure him that the presence of his image during a festival would bring upon nourishment and rebirth of his ka, an individuals spiritual entity. Stela of Steward Mentuwoser is dated 1944Read MoreIn Ancient Egypt, stelas are either stone or wooden slabs used as a means of presenting a monument,2100 Words à |à 9 PagesIn Ancient Egypt, stelas are either stone or wooden slabs used as a means of presenting a monument, usually for funerary purposes. They were also used as markers between territories. Stelas usually feature some sort of decoration and are carved in relief, either raised or sunken. Paint also was incorporated in some of these stelas and often featured hieroglyphics detailing the scene. In Egypt these stelas were primarily used as funerary ornaments, very much resembling tombstones. Looking from theRead MoreThe Reign Of Pepy I2085 Words à |à 9 Pages2011, 96; Oââ¬â¢Neil 2005, 21). In this period, the offering table scene is set on false door structures, on walls of the offering chapel, and on funerary and votive stelae placed at the tomb and along processional routes at Abydos (Oââ¬â¢Neil 2005, 21). The Stela of the Gatekeeper Maati dates to Dynasty 11, in the late First Intermediate Period. Maati is shown seated at an offering table piled with offerings of reed shaped loaves, various cuts of meat including fish, goose, a cowââ¬â¢s leg and head, and other itemsRead MoreLouise Nevelson - Sky Cathedral2897 Words à |à 12 Pagesof volume therein, between light and mass, generated comparisons to numerous different movements. The following paper will examine these links by discussing Nevelsonââ¬â¢s work, Sky Cathedral (1982), in conversation with seven others: the Stela of Mentuwoser (ca. 1955 B.C.), the Grave Stele of a Little Girl (c. 450-440 B.C.), the Imperial Procession from the Ara Pacis Augustae (13-9 B.C.), the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (ca. A.D. 260-270), Duchampââ¬â¢s Bicycle Wheel, 1913/1951, MoMA, Mondrianââ¬â¢s doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-60110860093854154492020-05-06T23:26:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:26:29.592-07:00Barbara Kruger Art History Archive - 1398 Words According to the Art History Archive, Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist born in Newark, New Jersey in 1945. She attended Syracuse University in 1964 where her interests in graphic design, poetry, and writing developed. A year later, Kruger moved to New York and attended Parsons School of Design where she was exposed to the creative spheres of photography, fashion, and editorial design. In 1966, she left Parsons to work for Condà © Nast Publications and soon after began to work at Mademoiselle magazine where she was promoted to head designer. Throughout her professional career, Kruger worked as a graphic designer, art director, and picture editor for various publications including House and Garden and Aperture. Krugerââ¬â¢sâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The red text box is the focal point of the work and takes up about one-fourth of the composition. Barbara Krugerââ¬â¢s Untitled (I Shop Therefore I Am) is a visually simple but bold work that evokes postmodern themes including media, popular culture, and consumer cultures. The daring and aggressive red text box draws the viewerââ¬â¢s eye directly to the bold phrase in white font. ââ¬Å"Kruger reformulated Renà © Descartesââ¬â¢ philosophical proposition of cognitive existence, ââ¬ËI think therefore I amââ¬â¢, into a motto for the hyper-ventilated acquisitive world of the 1980s boom timeâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Engberg). Descartesââ¬â¢ theory implies that as long as an individual is simply thinking there is an active engagement that is occurring that justifies a meaningful existence. Thus, thinking gives substance to an individualââ¬â¢s life. By replacing the word ââ¬Å"thinkâ⬠with the word ââ¬Å"shopâ⬠Kruger is making a social commentary on societyââ¬â¢s shift from cognitive value to material value and exposes the tie between consumer culture and per sonal identity. We are no longer defined by what we think but by what we buy; as a result, our culture has become so overwhelmed with materialism that people have become more reliant on the products that they buy and the materials that they own to define who they are. The contrasting themes of intellectual value versus material value in Krugerââ¬â¢s work instigates the viewer toShow MoreRelatedThe Collection Of Artefacts And Material Culture And Design1877 Words à |à 8 Pages VSAR 3017 Indigenous Art, Culture and Design Journal Lecture: August 15, 2014 The collection of artefacts and material culture of Aboriginal people have not always been understood and referred to as art. In a way, museums and avid institutions in the nineteenth century have been seen as institutions of control, ordering and organising knowledge about people and put them inside a particular framework in order for them to be understood. Images and tools andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 PagesNikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-31063021178230271862020-05-06T08:01:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:01:41.420-07:00Briefly discuss why it was written Free Essays The chapter titled ââ¬Å"THIS UNEXPECTED EVENT â⬠: ANNIHILATION AT THE COWPENS was written to stress the strategic and consequential importance of the immemorial battle fought between the British and American armies at Cowpens in South Carolina in 1781. The American victors led by their Commander Daniel Morgan, used the most advanced and pioneer tactical strategies to counter the might of the British who had so far made victorious inroads into other parts of the world by using their time tested and advanced military strategies. The inspiration for using such aà strategy could have been taken from the double envelopment techniques used by Hannibal during the classic Battle at Cannae in 216 BC, whereby he 2 conclusively defeated the massive Roman army that was almost twice the size of his own. We will write a custom essay sample on Briefly discuss why it was written or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is understood by many that the victory at Cowpens was due to a rare opportunity available to the American Commander and the presence of mind along with the trust imposed in him by his generals led to the landmark victory that had noteworthy consequences in setting the course for future events in American history. The battle at Cowpens was comparatively small in view of the other battles of the time when the British struggled to establish their supremacy in America, but it proved that the so far considered to be unbeaten British Commander Tarleton was also vulnerable in the face of the new tactical strategies of the American infantry and cavalry. The results of the battle set the course for a reduction in the morale of the British army who were taken aback by the unimagined tactical techniques used by Morgan and his officers. The result of the battle was a confirmation that the Americans demonstrated proper use of battle techniques using the cavalry and infantry. The victory was indeed a landmark one and the remains of the battle ground and the remnants of the memoirs remain intact and preserved to this day to match the accounts of the actual battle field so as to remind Americans of 3 the victory that paved the way and set course towards establishing their supremacy against the British. b. Writerââ¬â¢s Conclusion. What does the writer conclude about the period or event? The basis of forming conclusions about the Battle at Cowpens can be exhaustively had from the various vantage points set up and maintained at the actual battle site. On the strength of their location and description that is conclusively associated with the written accounts of the battle by several writers and the participants in the battle who were also commanders and rank holders in the cavalry and infantry, a feel of the actual thought process of Commander Morgan and his Officers can be experienced. The writer feels that indeed Commander Morgan was a pioneer in such battle strategy and displayed exemplary courage and leadership qualities to boost the morale of his people and to synchronize the timely availability of logistical support as and when required. His main line of defense was based on tactical use of formations with an element of surprise and operational security. He used the militia very effectively by planning ahead and placing them at the right locations to counter enemy infringement. He established a skirmish line by effectively using advanced technology and light infantry that had so far 4 never been used in the 18th century. Although the British deployed their formations in a linear battlefield, there were psychological effects of fatigue that halted the initial signs of victory. Initially the British under the leadership of Tarleton, made victorious strides pushing back the Americans causing for some time discouragement amongst their ranks, but the British suddenly started to loose ground in the face of tactical moves by Morgan and his ranks. There had to be a fast retreat under immense pressure from the Americans leading to large number of casualties amongst the British. However in this context the battle is remembered due to its learning lessons by way of the great sense of battle discipline displayed amongst the soldiers, close combat techniques and the collection and assessment of battlefield information on the part of the British. The Battle at Cowpen paved the way for the future use of creating psychological impact as was done effectively when the retreating Americans under the orders of their Commander Howard took an about turn and indiscriminately fired at the Britishers who were unaware of such a move and which turned the table against them. In this context, Howard acted under instructions from Morgan as part of the plan and the effect of such fire 5 power was decisively in favor of the Americans. Consequently, another noteworthy conclusion of this event is that the battle is a perfect laboratory example for analysis of psychological factor working in war and how it can be effectively used against the enemy. Evidence Supporting the Conclusion. Incorporate evidence offered by the writer to support the chapter. Why should I believe this person? The Battle at Cowpen was a battle that set new trends and patterns of tactical strategies to counter enemy supremacy, which is aptly proved by the course of events that followed 1781 to set new landmarks in American history. The chapter gives a detailed account of the battle, the course of events and the intricacies that changed the initial victorious trend of the British on the battlefield. All that is written in the chapter about the battle is supported by a real existence of the actual battle site and the different stages of the battle being earmarked by Vantage Points 1 to 12, which aptly prove that the site is there and that the battle did take place in 1781. The vantage points give an account of the different stages of the battle where most of the action happened and the visitor is made to have a taste and gut feeling of the battle actually happening before him, as the entire site can be viewed and observed 6 from one spot. So there is full evidence in support of the chapter by way of the actual existence of the battle site that is maintained to this day. References Scott Withrow, Park Ranger, The Battle of Cowpen, may 2005, http://www. nps. gov/archive/cowp/batlcowp. htm The Battle of Cowpens 1781, http://www. britishbattles. com/battle-cowpens. htm John Buchanan, The American Revolution in the Carolinas, http://www. theamericanrevolution. org/battles/bat_cowp. asp How to cite Briefly discuss why it was written, Papers doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-31301440731508293322020-04-25T08:05:00.001-07:002020-04-25T08:05:02.436-07:00Web Quest of Employee Business Each person searches for self-realization and strives for self-development and a dream job is all about it. Every day you should feel happy when getting up and going to work because your profession is a significant and inherent part of your life. In this our group seeks any possibilities to fulfill our potential in the sphere of finance management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web Quest of Employee Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We sought to find jobs in various companies to be employed at the most respectable and prestigious ones, such the Olayan Group, NCB, or Goodman Company. We believe that a profession of financial analyst is quite responsible and privilege and we plan to browse the Internet to select the best job where all our skills and abilities could be fulfilled. Individual Statements Muneerahrealizes that it is really difficult to find a good job in Saudi Arabia due to the high unemploym ent rates. She hopes to carry on business in the sphere of traditional cosmetics and sell products online. The company she plans to work for should be the leading one in producing high quality products. Amnah is fond of psychology because she wants to understand human behavior. So far, she dreamt of teaching psychology in King Faisal University in Alhas. But later she decides to select finance as her major to work in bank. She believes that with the help of websites, it is possible to critically evaluate all benefits and drawbacks of working as a banker. Esra strongly believes that Human Resource management is exactly the field where she can fulfill herself. Therefore Human Resource consultant is the best opportunity for revealing her talents because this is a chance for her to meet with new people and analyze specific techniques of organizational development. Therefore, she wants to carry out the webquest to find financial company where she could realize her potential. Fatima seeks to join a big and prestigious organization and dreams of becoming a highly qualified financial analyst. She has chosen this profession because it is closely related to her major and provides people with necessary assistance in making various investment decisions. Some Internet sources were used to research this dream job and to get a clear idea of why the profession of a financial analyst is worth attention and recognition. In particular, we seek to find the company specializing in financial analysis. Fatima Alarbesh is dreaming to get pleasure from her job, but she believes that human resources are the best and post her work in the future. She believes that webquest will help find valuable information about various professions in the sphere of finance. It is also important for Fatima to find herself in a friendly social environment. She also strives to work not only for personal benefit, but for the benefit of other companyââ¬â¢s members.Advertising Looking for essay on bu siness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Group Findings We use Google for searching the best companies with such key words as ââ¬Å"financial companiesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"jobs in financeâ⬠and received 404à 000à 000 and 424à 000à 000 respectively. Certainly, the result is quite general because it presents various career perspectives all over the world. Due to the fact that is quite difficult to find the appropriate and more specific information, we decided to present the following rubric: Interested Big Companies; Respected KSA Analyze the best known companies; Not Interested Searching for irrelevant job; (not in area of interest) We created this rubric to find six appropriate sites. Due to the fact that our goal is to work in a prestigious company, we have found three websites about opportunities of employment in Saudi Arabia and three sites outside the country. In particular, we believe that such site as the Olyan Group, Guardian Jobs, Careers in Finance, National Commercial Bank, Top USA Jobs, and Financial Analyst (n. p.). After an in-depth analysis of those six websites, we have chosen the following three websites: the Olayan Group, National Commercial Bank, and Goodman Company. We have sorted out these three websites because they provide us with important information about the leading companies in Saudi Arabia and about the basic challenges and difficulties that a young specialist might face while entering the professional terrain of finance. Hence, we have decided to consider the Olalyan Group because this company is represented at the International level and, therefore, it has respectable partners offshore. The website provides sufficient information about opportunities, goals, and missions that meet our requirements. We believe that this organization can provide excellent perspective for personal growth and development. The second website infuses information ab out the major Bank in Saudi Arabia where it is possible to find its private policies and strategies. Our group strives to examine job opportunities offered by this bank. The members are confident that this banking establishment can ensure good professional perspectives. What is more important is that gaining a job in this bank allows to stay at Saudi Arabia and to develop our knowledge and experience in the sphere of banking and finance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web Quest of Employee Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the third site has been chosen for inquiring more information about the major principles and scope of professions in finance. The article presented on the site outlines the main goals and mission of the company in the sphere of financial analysis and accounting. The analysis for the Companiesââ¬â¢ Websites The Olayan Group The site presents official information about the I nternational Company called the Olayan Group, a multinational enterprise composed of 50 companies that are engaged in manufacturing, distribution, investment, and services (The Olayan Group n. d.). The subsidiary in Saudi Arabia participates in the activities of over 40 companies and establishes multinational relationships. At the international level, the company provides global investments. Judging from the presented information, we believe that the position obtained in this company is a real treasure because an employee is presented with a wide range of professional opportunities that Olayan Company provides it, for example working in consumer product manufacturing, financial and investment services, project management, real estate and property management and supply chain management. Exploring the world market and conceiving the basics of a successful business. Besides, due to the fact that the company carries out global business operations, a position of a financial analyst is a real dream job for use. When we clicked the search button, we managed to read the information about latest opportunities for seekers in the sphere of finance and investment, such as a possibility for self-realization and development in the sphere of foreign relations and financial analysis. National Commercial Bank We have been attracted by the website page because it has displayed information news about the National Commercial Bank, including their logo and objectives (NCB n. p.). The web site is well-organized and offers such categories for inquiries as Personal Banking, Wealth and Asset Management, Business Banking and Private Banking. When we clicked the career page, we have managed to see the list of current professional opportunities, such as a number of vacant workplace connected to the sphere of financial analysis. The page also contained the space where could insert our email and apply for a job. The website is very easy to explore because it contains a lot of links and cat egories.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from registering, the site provides some Job Search sections where an applicant will help a possibility to find an appropriate position in accordance with posted date, job location, and other preferences. It also provides information about student training. There is a section where the viewers can read about various programs and courses for their employees. Goodman Company The website is created not only for finding valuable facts about the scope of the profession (Accounting for Your Future n. p.). It also allows specialists to search for the best positions in this field. What is more important is that the site provides an algorithm of becoming an outstanding financial analyst. In particular, it informs about the main opportunities the company could provide and steps to be taken for becoming a great financial analyst. Therefore, this site is very helpful for those who have just graduated from a college or university. Young specialists can find much information about career p lanning and the key components of successful career promotions. Conclusion Summing up, our group has considerably benefited from the webquest because it has managed to find a lot of valuable information related to our dream jobs. We also believe that our search can contribute to our faster application for our dream positions and deeper explorations of the major professional challenges. More importantly, our group has now far clearer understanding what a dream job is. Although our purposes and goals are a bit diverse, we have still enjoyed browsing the Internet and searching for the most prestigious companies and job positions. In addition, each member of the group has now clearer ideas about their professional preferences and goals in life. Finally, we believe that the sites selected by us will enrich our experience and narrow our requirement for our dream jobs. The webquest has provided us with valuable experience and knowledge about recent trends in promoting careers in the sphere of financial analysis. In the process of searching for companyââ¬â¢s website we have also found various possibilities for self-development. While analyzing the chosen sites, we have found that there are a great number of opportunities for online application and checking you professional skills at home, in front of you monitor. Therefore, if we work as financial analysts in the above-presented companies, we could provide work at the international level and gain experience while communicating with other international partners. Bibliography Finance Jobs. Guardian Jobs.Web. Accounting for Your Future. Goodman Company. 2010. Web. NCB. AlAhli.com. 2010.Web. The Olayan Group. Olayan. A Diversified Multinational Enterprise.n. d. Web. Top USA Jobs. Financial Analysts Jobs. Web. Welcome to Careers-in-Finance.com. Careers-in-Finance. Web. This essay on Web Quest of Employee Business was written and submitted by user Crosby Osborne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-36547209961014121032020-03-18T04:12:00.001-07:002020-03-18T04:12:03.478-07:0010 Social Networking Safety Tips for Women and Girls10 Social Networking Safety Tips for Women and Girls As social networking and social media have grown, weve paid a price few saw coming: the loss of individual privacy. The impulse to share has caused many of us to inadvertently expose ourselves in ways that can compromise our safety and security. While social networking sites may feel like an invitation-only gathering of friends thats accessible 24/7, its not necessarily a closed and safe universe. Others may be able to access your personal information without your knowledge. Although cyberstalking preceded the advent of social networking, social media does make it easier for a stalker or cyberstalker to locate and track a potential victims every move. Innocuous personal tidbits collected over weeks, months and even years often add up to a whole picture of who you are, where you work, live and socialize, and what your habits are all valuable information to a stalker. Dont think this can happen to you? Then you should know that according to the Centers for Disease Control, 1 in 6 women will be stalked in her lifetime. The best way to protect yourself is to not make yourself vulnerable in the first place. Whenever you engage in social media, remember this: what happens on the internet stays on the internet, and its up to you to make sure what appears in connection with your name and image does not have the potential to harm you now or in the future. The following 10 tips offer guidelines in managing the information that gets out there about you via social networking and can help keep you safe: No Such Thing as Private The internet is like an elephant it never forgets. While spoken words leave little trace and are quickly forgotten, written words endure in the online environment. Whatever you post, tweet, update, share even if its deleted immediately afterwards has the potential to be captured by someone, somewhere, without your knowledge. This is especially true of social networking sites including private messages shared between two people and postings to a private group. There is no such thing as private in the world of social media because anything you put up can potentially be grabbed, copied, saved on someone elses computer and mirrored on other sites not to mention hacked by thieves or subpoenaed by law enforcement agencies. A Little Bird Told Me Every time you use Twitter, the government keeps a copy of your tweets. Sounds crazy, but its true. According to the Library of Congress blog: Every public tweet, ever, since Twitters inception in March 2006, will be ar chived digitally at the Library of Congress.... Twitter processes more than 50 million tweets every day, with the total numbering in the billions. And experts predict the information will be searched and used in ways we cant even imagine. (This gives new meaning to the phrase A little bird told me...) X Marks the Spot Be cautious about using geo-location services, apps, Foursquare, or any method which shares where youre at. When it was first introduced, Facebooks Places feature gave tech writer Sam Diaz pause: Guests at a party at my home could turn my home address into a public place on Facebook and my only recourse is to flag my address to have it removed... If weââ¬â¢re all at a concert...and a friend checks in with Places, he can tag the people who heââ¬â¢s with - just as if you were tagging a person in a photo. Unlike Diaz, Carrie Bugbee a social media strategist had fun using these services until a cyberstalking incident changed her mind. One evening, while dining at a restaurant she had checked in at using Foursquare, Bugbee was told by the hostess that there was a call for her on the restaurants phone line. When she picked up, an anonymous man warned her about using Foursquare because she could be found by certain people; and when she tried to laugh it off, he beg an verbally abusing her. Stories like this may be why far fewer women use geo-location services as compared to men; many are afraid of making themselves more vulnerable to cyberstalking. Separate Work and Family Keep your family safe, especially if you have a high profile position or work in a field that may expose you to high-risk individuals. Some women have more than one social networking account: one for their professional/public lives and one thats restricted to personal concerns and only involves family and close friends. If this applies to you, make it clear to family/friends to post only to your personal account, not your professional page; and dont let the names of spouses, children, relatives, parents, siblings appear there to protect their privacy. Dont let yourself be tagged in events, activities or photos that may reveal personal details about your life. If they show up, delete them first and explain later to the tagger; better safe than sorry. How Old Are You Now? If you must share your birthday, never put down the year in which you were born. Using the month and day are acceptable, but adding the year provides an opportunity for identity theft. Its Yo ur Fault If Its Default Keep track of your privacy settings and check them on a regular basis or at least monthly. Do not assume that the default setting will keep you safe. Many social networking sites frequently update and change settings, and often the defaults tend to make public more information than you may be willing to share. If an upcoming update is advertised in advance, be proactive and investigate it before it launches; it may offer a window during which you can privately edit or remove content before it goes live. If you wait until your account automatically switches over, your information may go public before you have a chance to deal with it. Review Before Posting Make sure your privacy settings enable you to review content in which youve been tagged by friends before they appear publicly on your page. This should include posts, notes, and photos. It may seem tedious, but its much easier to deal with a small amount each day than to have to go back through weeks, months and even years to ensure that any and all content related to you puts forth an image youre comfortable living with. Its A Family Affair Make it clear to family members that the best way of communicating with you is through private messaging or email not posting on your page. Often, relatives who are new to social media dont understand the difference between public and private conversations and how they take place online. Dont hesitate to delete something that is too personal for fear of hurting Grandmas feelings just make sure you message her privately to explain your actions, or better yet, call her on the phone. You Play, You Pay...in Loss of Privacy O nline games, quizzes, and other entertainment apps are fun, but they often pull information from your page and post it without your knowledge. Make sure that you know the guidelines of any app, game or service and do not allow it unfettered access to your information. Likewise, be cautious about responding to notes shared by friends along the lines of 10 Things You Didnt Know About Me. When you answer these and post them, youre revealing personal details about yourself that may enable others to figure out your address, your workplace, the name of your pet or your mothers maiden name (often used as an online security question), or even your password. Do enough of these over time and someone who is determined to learn all about you can read the answers, cross-reference information obtained through your friends pages, and glean a surprising amount from these seemingly casual revelations. How Do I Know You? Never accept a friend request from someone you dont know. This may seem like a no-brainer, but even when someone appears as a mutual friend of a friend or several friends, think twice about accepting unless you can concretely identify who they are and how theyre connected to you. In many professional circles involving large organizations, all an outsider has to do is obtain one friend on the inside and it snowballs from there, with others thinking that a total stranger with no personal connection is an unfamiliar co-worker or occasional business associate. Social media is fun thats why half the U.S. adult population participates in online social networking sites. But dont be lulled into a false sense of security when it comes to protecting your personal information. The goal of social networking sites is to generate revenue and even though the service is free, theres the hidden cost of your privacy. Its up to you to keep tabs on what shows up and to limit your exposure and protect yourself. Sources: Dias, Sam. Facebook launches Places, geo-location service thats both cool and creepy. ZDnet.com. 18 August 2010.GLOBAL DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: Texting, Social Networking Popular Worldwide. PewGlobal.org. 20 December 2011.Panzarino, Matthew. Heres what happens when the police subpoena your Facebook. TheNextWeb.com. 2 May 2011.Raymond, Matt. How Tweet It Is!: Library Acquires Entire Twitter Archive. Library of Congress blog. 14 April 2010.Seville, Lisa Riordan. Foursquares Stalker Problem.à The Daily Beast. 8 August 2010. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-630936314198739962020-03-01T19:57:00.001-08:002020-03-01T19:57:02.968-08:00Taking the ACT in 7th Grade Should You Do ItTaking the ACT in 7th Grade Should You Do It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Itââ¬â¢s just a short while before school ends for the day. You settle in to enjoy a discussion about sea monkeys in your 7th grade Science class when all of a sudden, one of your classmates starts complaining about having to take the ACT. What is she talking about? Who would want to take the ACT in middle school, and who even cares about 7th grade ACT scores? If youââ¬â¢re a parent, you may have heard or read about programs designed for early-achieving students. But it can be hard to figure out if those programs are for students who do well on the ACT, or if the students get to take the ACT if they do well in school. Fear not- Iââ¬â¢ll clear up the confusion in this article as I go over the pros and cons of taking the ACT in 7th grade and the programs you can get into with high 7th grade ACT scores. feature image credit: Thinking by Jonathan Evans, used under CC BY-NC 2.0/Cropped from original. Is Taking The ACT This Early Useful? There's no one easy answer to the question "Should I take the ACT in 7th grade?" Taking the ACT Early Is Not Useful If... You're planning on using your ACT scores to apply to college, and only for that. Unless you're planning on applying to college within a few years (around age 15 or thereabouts), colleges are going to care much more about your current abilities and much less about what you were like when you were 12. While technically ACT scores don't expire, unless you get a 32+ score at age 12 you're probably going to want to take the test again once you've taken high school classes like precalc and biology. Even for the most ardent and ambitious students, 9th grade is plenty of time to start studying for the ACT. This doesn't mean that you canââ¬â¢t start prepping earlier than that, but itââ¬â¢s generally more helpful to spend that time in middle school focusing on your studies in school so that you have a good base for ACT prep later on. Taking the ACT Early Is Useful If... You want to become accustomed to the test. For some students, anxiety over the ACT can make it seem like an insurmountable hurdle that you must clear to make it out of high school and into college. Taking the ACT in 7th grade is especially handy if you live in a state where itââ¬â¢s mandatory and you know youââ¬â¢ll have to take it to graduate from high school anyway. Paying to take the test is not a financial hardship and you're curious about it. It's unlikely youââ¬â¢ll be able to get a fee waiver if youââ¬â¢re taking the ACT for personal enrichment, but if that's not a problem and you want to see what taking the ACT is like, go for it. You're interested in participating in certain programs for early achievers. For talent searches and other programs aimed at academically-gifted younger students, the SAT or ACT is often required either as a prerequisite or as part of the program. While the ACT isn't necessarily the only test you can take to qualify for these programs (they often accept other standardized measures like IQ tests and state-mandated standardized tests), it is a test you can study for, and there are plenty of high-quality prep materials available. What Programs Require Taking the ACT Early? There are many different programs that provide advanced academic opportunities, mentoring, and recognition for high 7th grade ACT scores. It's important to keep in mind, however, that the programs aren't going to judge your score the same way colleges would. Since you're so much younger than the average ACT test-taker, the talent searches and other programs aren't looking for perfect scores; instead, you'll be compared to other students your age. We have more on what a good ACT score for a 7th grader is in this article. Here's a couple of the most well-known programs that involve taking the ACT in 7th grade: Duke TIP By participating in Duke's 7th Grade Talent Search, you can qualify for a number of different summer programs (and awards ceremonies, if your ACT scores are high enough). If you're eligible for the Talent Search (based on your score on any one of a number of qualifying tests), you'll take the ACT. You can also take the ACT to qualify for the 7th Grade Talent Search in the first place. Read more about the ACT requirements for various Duke TIP programs here. CTY at Johns Hopkins Taking the ACT can also qualify you for certain programs at Johns Hopkins' Center for Talented Youth, including summer and online courses. It's also possible to take the ACT through the CTY talent search, which then gives you preference for enrolling in any of the CTY programs. We have more information about the ACT scores required for different CTY programs in this article. Other Programs In addition to the two programs I mentioned above, there are also several other programs for gifted youth that provide summer courses and general resources. We've already written in detail on our blog about Stanford EPGY, Summer Institute for the Gifted, and NUMATS, but there are several other programs worth looking into for gifted and talented adolescents: Belin-Blank Student Talent Search at the University of Iowa Joseph Baldwin Academy (JBA) at Truman State University Western Academic Talent Search (formerly the Rocky Mountain Talent Search) VAMPY at Western Kentucky University Vanderbilt Programs for Talented Youth Talented and Gifted Program at Southern Methodist University Halbert and Nancy Robinson Center for Young Scholars at the University of Washington talent by George, used under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. Why Do These Programs Use the ACT? You might be curious about why students have to bother taking the ACT (a test designed for college entry) for programs intended for young, non-high school students, On the surface, it seems like it would make more sense to have program applicants take a test that is specifically designed for younger students. In actuality, there are three reasons that these programs for early achievers care about 7th grade ACT scores. #1: It's Easy to Find Somewhere to Take the ACT Unlike an IQ, which often requires setting up a special (and expensive) session with a counselor, the ACT is a widely offered and available standardized test. This is especially true in states where ACT is required for high school graduation. There are still some special arrangements necessary (for example, students under age 13 must register for the ACT by mail), but on the whole, it's much easier for students to take the ACT than it is any other national or international standardized test. #2: There's a Lot of Data About the ACT Programs for high-achieving middle-schoolers have been using the ACT as a standard for many years, so they can see how your score compares to those of other students of a similar age (rather than against the graduating senior data the College Board provides on their site). #3: The ACT Measures Valuable Skills While it bills itself as a "curriculum-based achievement test," the ACT also measures critical thinking and general mathematical abilities to some extent. This means that even if you haven't taken all the courses necessary to understand every single question, your 7th grade ACT score can still provide valuable information about your ability to think well under pressure. Because the ACT has four different subscores, you can perform unevenly well across the different sections and still place into a summer program. For example, even if you donââ¬â¢t do well on the ACT English and Reading sections, you might still be able to participate in certain summer program courses with relatively high ACT Math and Science scores. ACT Prep for 7th Graders: What's Different? The key principle of 7th grade ACT prep is knowing that you should expect to get a (relatively) low score, compared to if you were taking the ACT to apply to college. In general, you won't have learned everything you need to score highly on the ACT by the time you're in middle school, just by sheer dint of not having been alive and talking as long as a high schooler. Your vocabulary will be smaller, your reading level will be lower, and you won't have learned all the math or science in school yet. Summer programs know that 7th grade ACT scores will be lower, which is why even upper-tier summer programs have a much lower bar for entry than upper-tier colleges. To settle on a realistic ACT score to aim for as a 7th grader, you should fill out our score target worksheet with information for the programs you want to get into. Another way in which ACT prep for 7th graders differs from what it is for high schoolers is that there are lower stakes attached to scoring well on the ACT, so the pressure should be lower. The summer programs I mentioned earlier do offer challenging, advanced, and diverse courses that can enrich your education, but they certainly arenââ¬â¢t as essential to your future as college is. Scoring well or poorly on the ACT in 7th grade won't prevent you from attending college or from graduating high school, and summer programs for early achievers compare the scores of students to other 7th graders, rather than high schoolers; perfect scores are not expected. One final, minor aspect of preparing to take the ACT in 7th grade is knowing that you won't be able to register for it online. Because of Internet privacy laws, ACT, Inc requires all students under the age of 13 to register for the test by paper. The main effect this has on your ACT prep is that you have to decide further in advance if and when you're taking the ACT to make sure your registration materials get there on time- you can't just decide a month before the test "oh hey, I guess I do want to take the ACT after all." Sorry, lightbulb. You should've decided to take the test at least six weeks before the test date. Now your registration materials won't get there in time. ACT for 7th Graders: Yes or No? You should take the ACT in 7th grade if you want to get acquainted with the test and lower your anxiety or if you want to qualify for special academic programs. You shouldnââ¬â¢t take it in 7th grade if youââ¬â¢re just using it to apply to colleges, since most schools wonââ¬â¢t want or care to see your 7th grade ACT score. Whatââ¬â¢s Next? After reading this article, you might decide to go ahead and take the ACT in 7th grade, but what's a good score? Find out more about what makes a good or bad 7th grade ACT score here. On the other hand, you might decide that you don't really need to take the ACT just yet. But should you start to study then anyway? Read more about preparing for the ACT as a 7th grader in this article. Got your score, but not sure if you qualify for summer programs? Compare your 7th grade ACT score to the score requirements for Duke TIP and CTY at Johns Hopkins! Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-14867550836045061122020-02-14T11:23:00.001-08:002020-02-14T11:23:02.616-08:00Discharge planning of a patient using a patient profile EssayDischarge planning of a patient using a patient profile - Essay Example These readmissions crop up as a result of mistakes resulting from lack of proper care for the patients after discharge, or discontinuation of medication (DOH, 2005). Low health literacy being in high rates gives rise to increased rates of re-hospitalisation, especially, in urban patients, who earn low income. Lack of coordination between the in-patient and out-patient process, boosts the risk of readmission in hospitals, together with gaps in social care and supports. Primary care physicians find it hard to understand the complex process of hospitalisation, since the inpatient care is provided in the hospitals (Bortwick et al., 2009). A discharge plan is the key tool used by the primary care- providers so as to go on with the care of the patient. Therefore, a safe and comprehensive discharge plan is essential when discharging a patient, in order to aid the primary care providers and social workers in their duties. A discharge plan Discharge is a vital component of care management in any aspect. It makes sure that social care and health systems remain proactive when supporting patients, their families and carers, when there is the need to go home, or move to a different setting (SPLG, 2010). Mr. Sharma, 87 years old man has been hospitalized and, due to the considerable progress he has made in recovery, he will be discharged after ten days. A safe and comprehensive discharge plan needs to be developed which will suit him, and which will ensure his recovery without re-hospitalisation. Mr. Sharmaââ¬â¢s discharge plan is supposed to prepare the home for him, to meet all his needs, reduce the probability of readmission, as well as saving on social care services (SPLG, 2010). Putting in mind that Mr. Sharma has multiple conditions, an open wound, he is taking many drugs, and that he is an old man, the following discharge plan will best suit him. A discharge plan will help his carers after he is discharged, to coo rdinate services and care (Katikireddi and Cloud, 2009). This paper will address the probable problems, the interventions, and the rationale behind the decisions made. Problem The patient is an old man aged 87 years old. Outcome Being an old person, the patient requires careful and extra care since he is exceptionally delicate. Close supervision should be done always to ensure all the medical requirements are done (Lindenberg, 2010). Intervention 1. Meet with the family members and the carers of the patient, in order to discover who takes care of the patient most time, prior to discharge (Roberts, 2002). 2. Explain the need to have a person close to Mr. Sharma always, and close supervision. 3. Ensure that the patient will be kept busy and occupied. This can be through the provision of a television set or even constant company, to avoid boredom. 4. Discover if there is polypharmacy. Rationale The patient is an elderly person and hence the need to meet with the family members and the carers to enlighten them on the complications faced by old people after discharge, and the factors that can lead to readmission. According to the National Service Frame work for older people, old people are likely to suffer multiple complications, unlike, young people. They can have different conditions requiring different and specific treatment (DOH, 2001). The need to meet with the family members and carers of the patient is to make them understand how to care for the old person to reduce the case of readmission. The elderly patient needs a person close to him to monitor doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-47870286530980846722020-02-01T20:01:00.001-08:002020-02-01T20:01:02.843-08:00I.R Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2I.R - Essay Example Feminism, on the other hand, is a very complicated political theory, a branch of Critical Social Theory, As per the neorealist theory, the chances of conflict give directions to actions while the post classical realism sponsors assessment of chances of confrontation on security issues among states. The three primary hypotheses of neorealist theory are: 1) recurrent equilibrium behavior, 2) states not coming forward for cooperative relations, and 3) states compete to remain on equal footing (Brooks 1997). Assuming worst-case chances of confrontations on the basis of neorealist theory provides benefits in approximating global decision taking. Actually, states are projected productively such way. So the assumptions on the behavior of states become useful in throwing light on swapping of various aspects of human nature, aggression and fear. States get focused to achieve their short-term goal of making their defense line strong. Disadvantage occurs in long term negative impacts on statesââ¬â¢ other preferences. Long term goals become secondary to short term defense needs in a conflict (Brooks 1997). Neorealist theorists donââ¬â¢t give credence to the factors the liberal theorists perceive as impacting the probability of conflict. The postclassical realism is more akin to liberal theory in the sense that productive discussion can take place with liberal theorists. The main difference remains between the material and non-material factors (Brooks 1997). Liberal feminism is an ideology of egalitarianism. Since Plato so much has been written on the topic that it seems the relation of gender to politics is very complex. Feminism is against Rousseauââ¬â¢s masculine savage, unable to grasp abstract ideas. Both Rousseau and Freud have different opinions; Freud perceives women as ââ¬Å"opposition to civilizationâ⬠and all ââ¬Å"civilizationâ⬠is the work of doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-66476943890650190252020-01-24T16:25:00.001-08:002020-01-24T16:25:03.209-08:00Entertainment And News Essay -- essays research papers Entertainment and News à à à à à News coverage, whether by television, radio, the internet, or newspaper must be selective, selective not simply in which stories it reports but in how it presents them as well. The media is incapable of providing a rundown of everything that has transpired in a day. Therefore, editors, reporters, etc… decide what will go into the reports. Equally important, reporters are still human beings who, in spite their good intentions, occasionally succumb to anger, jealousy, anxiety, impatience and other emotions that could cloud their objectivity. They belong to large, complex organizations that have their own diverse, often conflicting, goals and needs. So, to report a story “like it is'; can become difficult because of individual agendas. à à à à à Entertainment is to hold the attention of with something amusing or diverting. News is information about recent events. In recent history, news has become a commodity. Therefore, news must sell. News organization use entertainment as a basis for getting the viewer to watch their news program. Manheim claims “that the media is not as diverse as it claims to be. He states, though for competitive purposes they might have us believe otherwise, most American news organizations have a great deal in common with one another…they define news itself in essentially the same terms (Manheim, 1991). Manheim argues that the media entertai... doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-33299312112147342672020-01-16T12:49:00.001-08:002020-01-16T12:49:06.494-08:00Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care EssaySince X ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging mode. Today ââ¬Ës imagination section consists of an impressive array of diagnostic and curative devices from x-ray machines, CT Scan, PET Scan, additive gas pedal, which chiefly use ionising radiation for diagnosing and intervention of unwellnesss ; and with the add-on of ultrasound and MRI that use sound moving ridges and magnets for diagnosing alternatively of X raies. Therefore, radiology is considered as the window of the healthcare establishment and the radiologic engineers are the individuals behind these state-of-the art machines. In the x-ray section, one of the divisions of radiology section, the x-ray machines are used for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For 100 old ages the film-screen system has been the imaging system of pick. This system uses radiographic movie, screen and wet chemical science to bring forth an image merely like conventional picture taking. Every RT ââ¬Ës end is to supply high quality images for accurate diagnosing ; hence each measure is really critical. The RT must be equipped with cognition and accomplishments from anatomy, positioning and exposure techniques. One little error can endanger the image and outputs an unacceptable radiogram which entails repetition scrutiny that chiefly means extra radiation dosage to the patient. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen system wherein one time the movie has been processed ; there is no manner to change it. What you see is what you get. Fortunately, with the turning engineering of imaging modes came the debut of digital imaginati on which follow the same construct as digital cameras wherein brightness and contrast of the image can be changed and images can now be cropped. Its advantage compared to film-screen is really obvious, since images can be altered, repetition scrutinies, oftentimes is no longer necessary. The engineering is brilliant and its introduction has grown the wonder of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditional system. And of class, it is. However, as with every other engineering has its drawback. Since the new engineering chiefly uses computing machine and computer-aided equipments oftentimes do the full occupation. The inquiry lies wherein will the competency of the RT in footings of exposure technique factors be same as utilizing the conventional manner? Several international surveies stated that because of the convenience of the system, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion protocols in every technique choice because images can be manipulated subsequently. Change of images from clip to clip should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing. As of the research workers ââ¬Ë cognition, there are no known local related surveies in the diminution of RT ââ¬Ës competency in utilizing CR. One of the grounds may be this mode is still in the phase of debut in the Philippines and that its deduction is non yet intensively studied. But this does non halt the research workers to seek of happening out if there is so a diminution in RT ââ¬Ës competency with the new system. This survey is a comparative-correlational research in finding the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and CR on exposure technique factor choice. The chief aims of the research workers are to compare if there is a important difference in footings of radiographic competency in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to find if the respondents profile and bureau has a important relationship in footings of radiographic competency. Base on the consequence of the survey, the research workers will be able to measure the indispensable acco mplishments needed for the profession. Technology so has helped us in many ways. However, without the competency of the professional manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the engineer who has the exclusive duty of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis survey chiefly aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Exposure technique factor choice is an of import foundation for these two types of image receptor ( IR ) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts X raies into seeable visible radiation. Competence should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it will get the better of the intensive survey of the exposure techniques during the undergraduate old ages. Furthermore, s upplying appropriate exposure techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques besides mean radiation dose on the portion of the patient. Harmonizing to Fauber & A ; Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer ââ¬Ës actions at the control panel straight determine the nature and the makeup of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected exposure technique factor is straight relative to patient dosage. In add-on, it is the duty of the radiographer to larn the doctrine, factors and methods that minimizes ionising radiation exposure to the patient ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This besides means that an RT is supplying quality patient attention when he/she gives an adequate and necessary sum of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic TechnologistKlemp ( 1980 ) defined competency as ââ¬Å" an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public presentation on the occupation. â⬠A competent individual is imbued with the right cogni tion, accomplishments and attitude on a peculiar undertaking. Other writers define competency as ââ¬Å" a bunch or related cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one ââ¬Ës occupation, which has a relationship in the public presentation on the occupation that can be measured with well-accepted criterions, and that can be improved with preparation and development ( Parry, 1996 ) . â⬠In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor accomplishments at an entry degree, nevertheless, it can merely be enhanced through proper and consistent preparation in a chosen specialised field during the class of his/her work as an RT.Knowledge, Skills, AttitudeAs mentioned, competency is a combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These constituents are indispensable as a whole because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cogn ition as portion of competency includes theories and constructs which were gained as a consequence of the experience of executing certain undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming information and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as combined mental and physical qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if combined with accomplishments is of import in the workplace. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at higher degrees, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. ) The last constituent that determines competency is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motivations is a portion of competency because it indicates the individual ââ¬Ës response to a peculiar event or state of affairs. Attitude refers to the sensitivity or mental province of individuals/users towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attributes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse & A ; Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non merely intend that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attentionOn Radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic exposure factor technique. The said competency is indispensable particularly in the diagnos tic x-ray imagination, wherein exposure factors are the key to accurate diagnosing and supplying radiation dose to minimum degree. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . Film-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom demands. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the exposure factors to be applied in a peculiar exposure because improper choice of exposure factors can take to overexposure or underexposure of the movie. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image quality and hence, it can take to rejection of movie, therefore necessitates the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides unneeded dosage to the patient and extra costs to the section. On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An appropriate analogy that is easy for most people to understand is the replacing of typical movie cameras with digital cameras: images can be taken, instantly examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later sent to a web of computing machines. Computed skiagraphy system ( CR ) is an low-cost solution to digital imagination. Alternatively of the movie, CR employs an imaging home base to capture x-rays and makes it seeable when the home base is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. Once the image is converted to informations, it can be recorded on a optical maser printed movie or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised package is used to image sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as contrast, brightness, and rapid climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) . Computed skiagraphy has practical proficient advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad contrast dynamic scope, post-processing functionality, multiple image screening options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non possible with film-screen system. This system is convenient for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by seting the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that clip of exposure. In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in the field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growth profession ; RT trades with human lives and most of all, the RT course of study is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessary for the profession particularly in the particular Fieldss of radiologic engineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should hold undergone formal educational background followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patient attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose.Exposure Technique FactorsExposure technique factors influence and find the measure and quality of X ray to which the patient is exposed ( Bu shong, 2009 ) . Kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure clip and source-to-image distance ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors besides affect image quality. Milliamperage and exposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. Milliampere is the step of x-ray tubing current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optical denseness ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness is the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher figure of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the figure of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the x-ray beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For chest X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximal electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affec ts the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the fluctuation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient will have lower dose of radiation because it will non be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more spread radiation, therefore increases the transmittal of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to forestall spread radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to filtrate low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic grids. By using beam restrictors and grid will heighten image contrast because spread radiation will be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation will besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient. Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation should be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are required to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, repeat scrutiny will supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull strings these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the finished radiogram.RT in Film-Screen SystemIn conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must choose the optimal radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to find the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. Visibility of image is of import so that anatomical image will look for proper diagnosing. After each exposure, there is no manner to pull strings its contrast and denseness and that ââ¬Ës what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure ; otherwise, misreckonings can ensue to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered unacceptable because the of import constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors.RT in Computed RadiographyIn CR system, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dep endent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image acquisition and show medium. With CR, the image home base serves as the acquisition medium but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an acceptable image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can normally salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient mistake with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition exposure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 ; Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with sal vageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is used ( Ballinger, 1999 ) .On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn order to cognize the competency of a professional, assessment plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we will merely set our assurance on computing machines instead than our competency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible ability and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appraisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread between workplace demands and criterion. Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost importance because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be precise in giving exposure technique factors. Supplying appropriate radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence anterior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick Walker ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without holding to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than truth with exposure techniques which can ensue in overexposed or underexposed images ( Medicalxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is true that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the natural information from the initial exposure will incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently. Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is likely that digital imagination will replace conventional screen-film skiagraphy in many modern medical imagination centres in the close hereafter. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic truth with screen-film versus digital skiagraphy. The writers suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging due to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximise contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that confound diagnostic strength in osteoporosis. Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to keep their competency amidst the assistance of engineering. Competence of RT is the foundation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing.SynthesisThe focal point of the literature and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and it is through this survey that the research workers can place and compare whether their competency will differ based on the image receptor that is being used. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this will besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the construct has been there for the past few old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheless, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey measuring the competency of the RT for the benefit of the establishment whe re they belong because the research worker wants to suggest a professional plan that could beef up the foundation of the RTs ââ¬Ë . It is besides of import for the school to offer the plans since about the RT from the different infirmaries in Davao City are merchandises of this establishment. This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effects of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs.Conceptual ModelIn this position, the research workers attempted to measure the degree of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to find the degree of radiographic competency ; their strengths and failing of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can impact their competency, such as the respondents ââ¬Ë demographic profile in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the profile of establishment such as bureau and its categorization are besides considered. To hold a graphic image of the survey, Figure 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC DIAGRAMIndependent Variables Dependent VariablesFactorsRespondents ââ¬Ë ProfileAge Number of old ages in serviceAgencyPrivate PublicImage ProcessingFilm-Screen System Computed RadiographyDegree of Radiographic CompetenceCognition Skills AttitudeFigure 1Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship between the independent and dependent variablesSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe survey aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice ; specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiries: What is the respondents ââ¬Ë profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of the health care establishments in footings of: Private Public What is the degree of the respondents ââ¬Ë radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude What is the degree of the respondents ââ¬Ë radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the respondents ââ¬Ë profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeHypothesisThere is no important relationship between the respondents ââ¬Ë profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service There is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Public Private There is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its existent or specific value. Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor. Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor ; this is besides called as cassetteless system. Exposure- step of ionisation produced in air by X raies or gamma beams. Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram. Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating screen and wet chemical science to visualise the image in the radiogram. Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image. Degree of Radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients. Private hospital- is a infirmary owned by a net income company or a non-profit organisation and in private funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves. Public hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the authorities and have authorities support.Significance OF THE STUDYThis survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents ââ¬Ë radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ; and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between respondents ââ¬Ë profile and bureau. Based on the consequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers will suggest an enhancement plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing Professional Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to regenerate RT licences. This survey will be most helpful to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten Health Care Delivery by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT ââ¬Ës. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage. Furthermore, this survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the course of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT course of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils.Chapter 2MethodologyThis part discusses the research design used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the sampling technique, the instrument used, the inside informations of process and the statistical analysis to reply the research job.Research DesignThe survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed s kiagraphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relationship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed.PutingThe survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum City using either film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned: Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur Highway, Matina, Davao City ; Davao Regional Hospital, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur Provincial Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned: Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City ; Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P Laurel Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital ( DMSF ) , M edical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the survey are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at least six months in service at the clip of the rating.MeasuresThe research appraisal is composed of four parts. The first portion of the appraisal consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary. The 2nd portion consists of inquiries on the respondents ââ¬Ë degree of cognition on exposure technique factor choice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents ââ¬Ë acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent ââ¬Ës response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description30-25 Very High 20-24 High 15-19 Reasonably High 10- 14 Low 13- 0 Very LowInterpretationThe aforesaid appraisal signifier that will be used as instrument of the survey is constructed and designed by the research workers as to mensurate the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field. Furthermore, the 3rd portion of the appraisal is an existent rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the existent choice of the exposure technique factor and the result of the image. The said appraisal is a point system ; the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent ââ¬Ës accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments 7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishments 4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments 1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishments Low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to execute the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is limited in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and thorax. Furthermore, the last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents ââ¬Ë attitude will be assessed base on their attitudes about the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert Scale wherein the respondents are asked to bespeak a grade of understanding and dissension with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark:Points Obtained Qualitative Description5 Strongly Agree 4 Agree 3 Indifferent 2 Disagree 1 Strongly differ In add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey.Ethical ConsiderationResearch blessing will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human resources section from the six infirmaries. To promote voluntary engagement of the RTs ââ¬Ë in this survey, the cover missive of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support will be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured.Procedures1. Letter inquiring for permission. 2. After the blessing of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. Once approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim two months in assemblage of informations get downing October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an enhancement plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified.Datas AnalysisThe undermentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the analysis of the informations and reading of the consequences:To reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, Mean and Percentage will be employed.What is the respondents ââ¬Ë profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of infirmary in footings of: Private Public 3. What is the degree of the respondents ââ¬Ë radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude 4. What is the degree of the respondents ââ¬Ë radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeThe Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents ââ¬Ë degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents ââ¬Ë profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs:5. Is there a important relationship between the respondents ââ¬Ë profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills AttitudeLast, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents ââ¬Ë competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy:Is there a important difference in the degree of competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude The processing will be done with the usage of SPSS.Scope and RestrictionThe chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radiologic engineers ââ¬Ë profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences viz. : Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the following profile:Name of Hospital Image Receptor AgencyAlexian Brothers Wellness Center Film-Screen System Private Davao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography Private Davao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System Public Davao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System Public DMSF Computed Radiography Private SPMC Computed Radiography Public Furthermore, the survey is limited to skull and chest scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality based on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents.Appendix 1: Communication LetterRaymund CS. Del Val Davao Doctors Hospital President Thru: Mirasol B. Tiu Director Human Resources Department Beloved Sir/Madam: We would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is entitled ââ¬Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection â⬠. The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ââ¬Ë using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We assured that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to broaden the position of our survey. Your blessing on this affair will be extremely appreciated. Respectfully Yours,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King Defensor, RRTResearcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch worker DDC- RT Department Noted By: Joshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. Lupo RT Program Chair Head of Research Dept.Appendix 2: COVER LETTERDear Respondent, We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and soon carry oning a survey entitled ââ¬Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection â⬠The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ââ¬Ë using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. Enclosed with this missive is a brief questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of five parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments ââ¬Ë profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition about exposure factor techniques on skull and chest scrutiny. In the 4th portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research purposes merely. We hope you will take a few proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no punishment if you do non take part. If you have any inquiries or concerns about finishing the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may reach us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can e-mail us at danna_rrt @ yahoo.com. Sincerely,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRTResearcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch worker DDC- RT DepartmentAppendix 3: Samples of QuestionnairesDegree of Competence in Exposure Technique Factor SelectionEvaluation FormPart I: Respondent ââ¬Ës ProfileName ( Optional ) : ______________________________ Rating: _____________ Sexual activity: ______________________ Date: ______________ Age: _________ Number of Years in Service: ________Part II: Healthcare Institution ââ¬Ës Profile:Type of Institution: ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) Tertiary Type of Imaging System: ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed RadiographyPart III: CognitionSKULL RADIOGRAPHYThymineFIn skiagraphy of skull, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required. 2. Use of grid is required in skull skiagraphy 3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a smaller field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased. 4. In skull imagination, a 15 % addition in kvp should be accompanied by half decrease in mom. 5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice. 6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor. 7. When exposure factor is done with the usage of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness. 8. In skull skiagraphy, the usage of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended. 9. It is necessary to increase kVp when an x-ray requisition indicates status such as: hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget ââ¬Ës disease. 10. A sidelong skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray. 11. When tube angulation is applied during skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally. 12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor. 14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process. 15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick.CHEST RADIOGRAPHYThymineF1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness. 2. The thickness of the thorax is normally measured with callipers as a usher to the proper ma choice. 3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased. 4. Pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value. 5. To find farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires. 6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to visualise the finer lung markers. 7. Chest skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and attendant loss of unsharpness. 8. Chest transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp 9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image. 10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage. 12. Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy. 13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques. 14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques. 15. By and large, as grid ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish.Part IV: SkillsExposure Technique Factor SelectionMarkDid the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point. 2. Make the engineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point. 3. Make the engineer collimate the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spread radiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point. 4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point.Radiographic ImageIs the radiogram acceptable in footings of contrast? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the image decently collimated? 1 point Is there a presence of image fuzz? ( Long exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point.EntirePart V: AttitudeFor Film-Screen user:Film-Screen SystemStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen. 8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen. 9. I think film-screen bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system. For Computed Radiography user:Computed RadiographyStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR. 8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during station processing in CR. 9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR.Appendix 4: MentionBooksBallinger, PW, Frank ED: Merill ââ¬Ës Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures, Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999 Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of Educational Aims: Cognitive Domain. New York, NY: David McKay Company ; 1956. Bontrager, K, Lampignano, J: Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 7th erectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010. Bushong, SC: Radiologic Science for Engineers: Physicss, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001. Callaway, W, Gurley, L: Introduction to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996. Cesar LJ: Computed skiagraphy: its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68:225, 1997. Dowd, SB. The profession ââ¬Ës hereafter: leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992 Fauber TL: Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000. Fauber, TL & A ; Johnston, J: Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012. Klieme, E. et al.The Development of National Educational Standards: An Expertness, Berlin: Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004. Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, Mo: Warren Green Inc ; 1984. More, C. Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914, London: Croom Helm. ( 1980 ) Piaget, J. La psychologie de l'intelligence, Paris: Colin.1947. Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE: Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY, Eastman Kodak Company, 1993. Shephard, C: Radiographic Image Production and Manipulation. Nashville, Tenessee, 2003. Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society. Manila. 2012DiariesSiddiqui, Nazlee & A ; Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of Services of Public, Private and Foreign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007. Balasubramanian, Siva K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. ââ¬Å" Measuring Consumer attitudes towards the market topographic point with tailored interview â⬠, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989.Unpublished ThesissPabunag, Richard et Al. ââ¬Å" Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist in Davao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest â⬠. Davao City. 2008.Online BeginningsEnfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. April 22, 2012 Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010 Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011 Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR: Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medical imagingmag.com/issues/articles/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPES HOSPITALS.html â⬠Health Care Institutions ââ¬â Types of Hospitals.2007Appendix 5: BUDGETARY RequirementBUDGETARY RequirementManpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee )Statistician 3,000 Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, Final ) Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900 Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900Transportation system Allowance:2 Calendar months 5,330 Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridge, ink ) 1000 A? of the Contingency Fund 1,623TOTAL P 17,853 doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-48413353748551560252020-01-08T09:12:00.001-08:002020-01-08T09:12:04.413-08:00The Metro Rail System Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2265 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The concept of a metro rail for Delhi first emerged in 1969-70 but DMRC was formed in May 1995 with equity participation by the GOI GNCTD in the ratio of 50:50, i.e., equal participation. The national and Delhi state governments aimed to develop a rail-based transport system that would alleviate Delhis ever growing transport congestion and vehicular pollution. The detailed project report (DPR) and feasibility study for the different phases of the project was prepared by Delhi-based Rail India Technical and Economic Services (RITES). Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Metro Rail System Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order The major funding for this project has been through a soft loan disbursed by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). Thus, the government of Japan has contributed more than half the cost of this project. Delhis first metro line was operational in 2002 and today three functioning lines connect central Delhi to east, north, and southwest Delhi. The metro rail system, to be constructed in four phases covering 245 kilometers, is scheduled to be finished in 2021. DMRC is responsible not only for construction of the system but also for its operation and maintenance. It has 450 personnel in its construction department and 3,000 staff for system operation and maintenance. Supply chain partners provide critical support, including labor, machinery and components, and maintenance services. Ãâ Funding and Investment Investment has varied meanings in economics and finance. In finance, investment is regarded as putting money into something with the expectation of a gain, usually over a longer term. Thus, it is application of funds to hold assets over a longer term in the hope to achieve gains. It usually involves diversification of assets in order to avoid unnecessary and unproductive risk. As urban MRT projects are meant to provide a safe, speedy and affordable mode of travel to the commuters, they have not generally been found to be financially viable in the most cities of the world, despite their large economic benefits. It was crucial for DMRC to develop a strong funding strategy. Investments are often made indirectly through intermediaries, such as pension funds, banks, brokers, and insurance companies. These institutions may pool money received from a large number of individuals into funds such as investment trusts, unit trusts, SICAVs etc to make large scale investments. Each individua l investor then has an indirect or direct claim on the assets purchased, subject to charges levied by the intermediary, which may be large and varied. For the Delhi Metro Project, Japan Bank of International Corporation (JBIC) has extended significant support in funding the four phases of the project. Since it was observed that India has huge infra deficit. India needs to build airport, roads and highways. However, in every sector of infra, India will be catching up with past and will not be building for the future. Here lies the main difference in selecting Japan to finance the project. In Japan there is a new level of infra. While in India we are catching up with deficit, Japan on the other hand is way ahead. Delhi being national capital and international city, the GOI and GNCTD must also contribute to meet part of these costs. It has accordingly been decided that the project will be financed by way of equity contributions from the GOI / GNCTD, soft loan from the OECF (Japan), pro perty development revenue and certain decided levies / taxes on the city dwellers. The loan will rapid partly from surpluses from the box revenue, partly through dedicated levies / taxes in the NCT. The financial plan of the project has been approved by the GNCTD and GIO on24.7.1996 and 17.9.19996 respectively. It is essential to raise appropriate funds for the successful completion of the project. Timely provision of funds enables smooth and efficient functioning. The following strategies were established in the various phases of development of the Delhi Metro: Ãâà Phase I The investment proposal for Phase-I of the Delhi MRTS Project was approved by the government on 17th September, 1996. The total estimated cost of the project was INR 10571 crore. Of this the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) extended the maximum amount in six tranches, with the first one in 1997. The loan carried rate of interest for this project is 1.2 per cent per annum. The loan has a repayment period of 30 years with a moratorium period of 10 years. The SPV, DMRC, was set up with equal equity participation from the union and the Delhi governments. Approximately 28 per cent of the project cost was raised through equity contributions, jointly financedÃâà by the Government of IndiaÃâà (GoI) andÃâà Government of Delhi. In addition to this, they provided a subordinate loan to cover the cost of land acquisition, which has a share of 5 per cent. Another 60 per cent has been raised as a subordinate debt through soft loans from JBIC. The balance 7 per cen t funds were internally generated through property development. Ãâ Funding Plan of Phase I Ãâà feature1_may_2010_400 Source: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ãâà Cumulative expenditure incurred upto 31.3.2007 is Rs.10349.59 crore. Cumulative physical progress is 100%. As grant-in-aid, the Metro has received 1,914.3 crore from various agencies. The Delhi Metro has also paid back an amount of 567.63 crore which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The projects funding agency, the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) has rated Delhi Metros implementation of Phase-I as excellent. Phase II The total estimated cost for the project that had been approved by the Government was INR 190 billion. Of this total investment, initially JBIC was to finance 48 per cent through equity participation. But JBIC contributed only 30 per cent. However the 18 per cent will not fall under the union and state governments share. Approximately 36 per cent is being financed through government.Ãâ The remaining amount is being funded from property development, internal resources, and subordinate debt. The economic internal rate of return for this phase is estimated at 23.63 per cent and the financial internal rate of return at 8.18 per cent.Ãâ The INR2885 crore airport express line under this phase has been funded on a debt-equity ratio of 70:30. While RInfra holds 95 per cent equity, the Spanish partner holds the remaining. However, the SPV had raised a debt of INR25 billion in March 2009 at an interest rate of 13 per cent, against the requirement of INR20 billion. Ãâà Phase III Japan being hit by a disaster was not entirely sure to fund the phase III of the project. However after due diligence, the impasse over the sanctioning of the soft loan was finally over. Japan agreed to release the first installment of the 105km project in December 2011. Japan Bank of International Corporation was all set to finance the INR 32000 crore projects. The project will be financed in a debt equity ratio of 60:40 under which the Centre and the Delhi governments will contribute 30% each and the rest will be raised by soft loans from JBIC In this phase the loan will be sanctioned at 1.40% rate of interest to be repaid in 30 years with a grace period of 10 years. Earlier, JBIC had given a soft loan to Delhi Metro at different rates of interest varying between1.2% to 2.3% in Phases I and II. Appreciating the sustainability of the relationship between India and Japan for Metro projects, the only viable reason for reducing the commitment is decrease in demand for moneta ry support by the Delhi Metro. This is evident as in the first phase, JBIC had given Delhi Metro 60% of the INR10571 crore project cost, while in the second phase the metro had received 55% of INR19600 crore from JBIC. In phase III, DMRC has asked for only 40% of about INR32000 crore. The Phase III project has already got clearances from the state and the Centre and both the governments have made budgetary provisions to meet the initial cost. TheÃâà Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)Ãâà projects have been allocated INR.2216 crore in the budget for 2012-13. TheÃâà money will be spent on construction and extension of the Metro network in the national capital. Phase IV Japanese funding agencies which have extended financial support for the previous three phases of the Delhi Metro has shown enthusiasm to fund in the future plans as well. The Phase IV of the Delhi Metro project has 440 km of area of coverage. With the completion of the fourth phase, the largest metro in the world will be produced. DMRC Financials Ãâ DMRC recorded a total income of INR7.24 billion in the financial year 2008-09, inclusive of income from operations, real estate, consultancy, and other income. It registered an increase of 43.51 per cent over the total income of INR5.04 billion recorded in 2007-08. The company recorded a net profit of INR413.2 million, as against a net loss of INR482.59 million in 2007-08. Ãâ The companys total expenditure stood at INR2.62 billion, an increase of 24.47 per cent over the year 2007-08 when it recorded a total expenditure of INR2.11 billion. Funding Strategy: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) v/s Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited BMRCL is a public sector company jointly owned (50:50) by the central and state governments. It is responsible for the implementation of Bangalore Metro Rail Project (Namma Metro), aimed at providing a rapid transit rail system for Bangalore. The project was prepared by DMRC and submitted to BMRCL in May 2003. The proposed gauge was a standard gauge unlike the broad gauge of the Delhi Metro Network. The rationale for the metro includes reduced journey times, cutting fuel use, accident reduction and lower pollution. GOI approved on 11th May 2006 followed by MOU between GOI-GOK-BMRCL dated on 24th December 2010. The Government sanctioned completion cost of INR11609 c rore. Particulars GOI GOK TOTAL Equity 15% 15% 30% Sub-Debt 10% 17% 27% Senior Term Debt 43% Grand Total 100% While Delhi metro is fully funded by government equity and JICA sovereign- guaranteed debt, GOK, BMRCL decided to create a new financing model for the project which would be a mix of a. government equity, (30%) b. government subordinated debt,(27%) c. and Pass Through Assistance form JICA, (25%) and leverage these sources to raise the balance of 18 % as commercial debt from financial institutions. The strategy adopted by BMRCL to fund the Namma Metro Project faced many challenges and legal issues. The Challenge: a. Structuring a non-sovereign long-term MDB loans with interest below market rates. b. With no legal hurdles for MDB to lend directly to an entity wholly owned by the Government c. To structure a credit enhancement mechanism between respective Government entities and borrower (BMRCL) for p ayment mechanism d. Support of GOI and GOK in the construction of the repayment arrangements. Ãâà Legality: The threshold issue Can a foreign entity directly lend to a Company (BMRCL) fully owned by the government? The Constitution of India Article 293(Borrowing by States) bars lending by a foreign entity directly to State Governments. However, BMRCL is a company created under the Indian Companies Act 1956 and should be regarded as different entity from the state government like any other State run companies SecurityArrangements: All security would be equally shared on pari passu among the lenders in the payment waterfall under the TRA into which all Project revenues will flow.Hypothecation and mortgage of assets of BMRCL will be with the Security Trustee created for the purpose. Inter creditor Agreement between the lenders is being finalized on which basis a Security Account to be opened at an acceptable Bank in Bangalore under a Security Trustee Agree ment. ADB Facility Agreement contains terms and conditions that are customary in project financing transactions. As per the MOU, if BMRCL was not able to maintain the debt service ratio, then GOK to step in with additional sub-debt. While this condition would satisfy domestic lenders, appreciating that foreign loans would require a different comfort mechanism, GOKBMRCL working closely with ADB designed additional security/guarantee in the form of Concession Support Agreement. Ridership and benefits Ãâ In the seven years since its inauguration, the metro has carried over one billion passengers. On opening, about 35,000 passengers were using the line daily. With addition of lines, there has been a constant upswing in ridership. Presently, 0.85 million passengers use the metro per day. Ãâ Citizens of Delhi are deriving various indirect benefits from the Delhi metro. A recent study conducted to assess these indirect benefits has revealed that Delhi metro has prevented 28,800 tonnes of carbon dioxide from being emitted into the atmosphere every year. For Phase II, DMRC has estimated that about 610 buses will be removed, resulting in a saving of INR890 million towards capital and operating costs. Further, savings of about INR3.24 billion will take place due to a reduction of private vehicles, INR3.66 billion due to a reduction in fuel consumption, and INR1.65 billion due to a reduction in investment in road infrastructure. Ãâ The Delhi metro is also the first railway project in the world to be registered for carbon credits by the United Nations. It has been certified to prevent release of over 90,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide by use of regenerative braking systems in trains. It is estimated that in 2008, release of 39,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide were prevented and this figure is expected to increase to over 100,000 tonnes per year when Phase II of the metro project is fully operational. Ãâ To improve connectivity, DMRC has introduced 120 feeder buses. It has also placed an order to purchase 300 air-conditioned compressed natural gas buses to act as feeder buses. In addition to feeder buses, it has also started a radio taxi service for Delhi metro commuters in association with a taxi service agency. Ãâ DMRC has gained recognition with time. Today, it has not only triggered metro projects in other cities but is also acting as a consultant for majority of the projects coming up in India. Whether these projects will replicate Delhi metros success will only be seen with time. Ãâ Ãâ Ãâ doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-60593371571090213362019-12-31T05:38:00.001-08:002019-12-31T05:38:03.854-08:00The Creation Of The Jewish State As Part Of Palestine Israel is a small country in southwestern Asia that was founded in 1948 as a sanctuary for Jews from all parts of the world. Israel lies along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and is bordered by Syria and Lebanon to the north, Egypt to the southwest, and Jordan to the east. Jerusalem is the capitol and the largest city in Israel. It is considered by many faiths to be the holiest city in the world. A lot of people think that United Nations were the one who gave birth to Israel, however in reality the United Nations General Assembly recommended the creation of the Jewish state as part of Palestine. Many events in the Jewish history gave purpose to create Israel. The most important were Zionism and Holocaust, as well as end of the Second World War, where French and British have their influence on Arab world. Genocide of the European Jews was at the horror point and led to the demand for the Jewish State. The process of the creation of Israel started with the Zionism movement that was happening in 1897 and ended in May of 1948. Theodor Herzl was the founder of political Zionism movement. He published a book called ââ¬Å"The Jewish Stateâ⬠where he was describing modern society, in which Jewish people would be able to live in peace. Later on, Congress proposed the idea to establish home for Jewish people in Palestine, it was promised under the international law. Establishment of the Jewish community happened and developed rapidly in the 1920ââ¬â¢s. One of the big movements wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on Israels Controversy1036 Words à |à 5 Pagescontroversial state that all have differing opinions on. There are many things that make Israel a hot topic. In order to discover why Israel is so controversial, this paper will delve into the creation of Israel, and how it affects the area around it. Israel was created on November 29, 1947 by the United Nations in Resolution 181. Resolution 181, also known as the Partition Resolution, declared that the territory of Palestine would be divided into two separate states, one Jewish and one Arab,Read MoreThe Israeli Palestinian Conflict And The Jewish Movement1230 Words à |à 5 Pagessignificant events. The Israeli-palestinian conflict is one that goes way back to the time of the Old Testament. The land known as Israel, was given to the jewish people by God through Abraham. God Promised to give Abraham s descendants the land eternally. Throughout the thousand of years, thousands of Arabs have moved to those lands which they called Palestine. When it comes to whom should own the land, both sides have credible arguments. The Jews say that it is written in the Bible while the PalestinianRead MoreTruman and the Creation of Israel Essay1623 Words à |à 7 PagesTruman and the Creation of Israel With the growing pressure for a new state of Israel after the atrocities committed against the Jews in World War Two, President Franklin D Roosevelts adopted a neutral policy towards Palestine. Roosevelt felt like the United States needed complete cooperation from Jews and Muslims before they could get involved. When Roosevelt passed away in April of 1945, Harry Truman was thrown into the presidency of the United States. Along with the ongoing war with JapanRead MoreA Creation For A Home For The Jewish People1488 Words à |à 6 Pagespopulations, and the relocation of people as a by-product of development projects. The creation of nations is a catalyst for population changes, i.e. displacements and migrations. State-building is at the core of population movements through modernization, urbanization, industrialization and commercial agriculture, rural-urban, labor migration, refugee cases of resettlement or dislocations of populations synthesis. Through state-building the consolida tion of boundaries happens, and in some cases this generatedRead MoreThe Creation of Israel1049 Words à |à 5 Pages For ages the Jewish population did not have a place to call home. They had been wandering around deserts, were once slaves in Egypt, but didnââ¬â¢t have any land to their name. Following the Holocaust, after many Jews had been persecuted by Hitler and the Nazis, a good portion of the overall amount of Jews in the world let alone Europe had been exterminated. As a result, Harry Truman and the UN suggested Israel, a homeland for the Jews. Tensions had been growing throughout the beginning of the 20thRead MoreEssay about The Arab Isreali Conflict1555 Words à |à 7 Pageshome, land of Israel (or Palestine). Political Zionism, the belief that Jews should establish a state for themselves in Palestine, was a revolutionary idea for the 19th Century. During World War I, Jews supported countries that constituted the Central Powers because they detested the tyranny of cza rist Russia. Both the Allies and Central Powers needed Jewish support, but Germany could not espouse Zionism due to its ties with the Ottoman Empire, which still controlled Palestine. British Prime MinisterRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Holocaust In the Establishment of Israel900 Words à |à 4 Pages The holocaust seems to be a major reason in the establishment of the state of Israel. The state of Israel was created in May 1948; the Jews finally had a homeland of their own. There were a variety of long-term causes such as the Balfour Declaration, Zionist movement and short-term causes such as the holocaust and the influence of the USA. The area, which is now called Israel, was part of Palestine; it was under British mandate at the start of World War One. The holocaustRead MoreEssay on A Two State Solution1140 Words à |à 5 PagesPalestine and Israel have a big fight that should of ended long ago. During the late nineteenth hundreds the standard Zionist began a movement into the promised land known as Palestine to reclaim their ancestral homeland (The Origin of..). After moving into Palestine Zionists started to create an exclusive Jewish state, however the Arab community caught on to the movement and opposed this by not allowing Jewish immigration into Palestine along with not permitting them to buy land. Thus one can seeRead MoreThe Historical Context Of Palestine1532 Words à |à 7 Pagesimportance of the historical context to the conflict, and not the merit of the events themselves, the following are only a few, yet highly applicable ones to the matter discussed. Briefly going back to ancient history, the region known today as Palestine was first known as Canaan, which derived its name from a people who inhabited it between 3000 - 1500 B.C. They were conquered by a greek people known as Philistines and also Jews, one of the semitic peoples, in the years 1200-1100 B.C. A hundredRead MoreEssay about Nationalist Ideas in the Middle East1484 Words à |à 6 Pagesloyalty to the nation-state or seeking independence of a national group. Michel Aflaq, Theodor Herzl, and the Palestinian National Charter have fundamentally different ideas on establishing nationalism, however each movement and charter wishes to establish a national identity as well as a state due to their experiences of oppression and dispersion. Michel Aflaq describes his ideas on Arab nationalism through the Arab Baath party, which entails the establishment of an Arab state and the right to govern doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-13041519540787581842019-12-23T01:25:00.001-08:002019-12-23T01:25:03.986-08:00The Advantages and Disadvantages of Telling a Lie - 720 Words The Advantages and Disadvantages of Telling a Lie Are there any people who have never lied? Of course, there is no human being who has never lied. According to statistics shown in ââ¬Å"Brain Statisticsâ⬠, about sixty percent of people lie at least once during ten minute conversation. Lying plays an important role in our life. People have been lying since their childhood. Saki, twentieth-century British writer, said: ââ¬Å"A little inaccuracy sometimes saves a lot of explonationsâ⬠(Northstar 5 Listening and Speaking, page 44). We lie for several reasons, but is there any advantage of lying? There are a lot of advantages of telling a lie. Despite the fact that telling a lie has advantages, it also has several disadvantages. The first advantage of telling a lie is that people can avoid punishment. ââ¬Å"We need lies in order to liveâ⬠, said Friedrich Nietzsche, nineteenth-century German Philosopher (Northstar 5 Listening and Speaking, page 44). It means that we canno t live without lying, it is vital for us. This kind of lying is mostly peculiar to children. Sometimes their brains send signals and make them tell a lie. For example, a small child who has broken motherââ¬â¢s beloved vase, will not tell the truth to his or her mother, and, as a result, he or she will avoid the punishment. Although this kind is mostly common to children, some adults also show such kind of lying. For instance, in the trial adults become nervous and try to find a way of escaping punishment such as deathShow MoreRelatedAdvantages and Disadvantages of Telling a Lie Essay examples647 Words à |à 3 Pagesbeneficial and it has some advantages, they lie frequently to solve problems. In spite of advantages of telling a lie, there are several disadvantages too. First, telling lies helps to conceal bad news and avoid negative reaction from others, including punishment. For example, children lie not to make parents angry. According to Michael Brody, M.D., a child psychiatrist in Potomac, Maryland, if a child breaks a vase, and when you ask who has broken the vase, the child can tell a lie. In addition, Dr. BrodyRead MoreWhy Lying Is A Common Behavior850 Words à |à 4 Pagesin todayââ¬â¢s society. But ever since we were young we were shunned away from telling lies and were taught that we should be truthful. Why is it that lying was immoral, but then as we grow up we drift away from that lesson? Many can say that we are cowards who hide behind our lies. Today there exists a white lie which states that you are telling a lie to help someone. Why do we teach our kids that lying is bad when adults lie all the time? In the quote Nancy Farmer compares the liars to rats who areRead MoreThe Mystery Of Liars By Nancy Farmer872 Words à |à 4 Page sEver since we were young we were shunned away from telling lies and were taught that it was wrong. Why is it that lying was immoral, but then as we grow up we drift away from that lesson? Many can say that we are cowards who hide behind our lies. Today there exist a white lie which states that you are telling a lie to help someone. Why do we teach our kids that lying is bad when adults lie all the time? In the quote Nancy Farmer compares the liars to rats who are cowards that hides and runs aroundRead MoreThe Truth Will Set You Free864 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe truth will set you freeâ⬠. This quote means that telling the truth will lead to positive results because telling lies will end up in problems for yourself or others. ââ¬Å"Honesty is the best policy, the truth will set you freeâ⬠can be arguable as it contains error of being truthful always, when some of the time we can be. Some people have trouble with honesty and telling the truth. Anybody canââ¬â¢t say thro ughout their life, they have never told a lie. I have lied many times before that I cannot recallRead MoreThe Way We Lie article by Jennifer Ericsson1139 Words à |à 5 PagesLies can be expressed in a variety of ways, as listed in the reading ââ¬Å"The Way We Lieâ⬠(Ericsson, Pg. 216-224). At times you can tell a lie without getting noticed but other times you can get caught in between a lie, and what good is the truth when you could hurt the other personââ¬â¢s feeling such as saying ââ¬Å" Man, you donââ¬â¢t look good todayâ⬠or ââ¬Å" Oh my gosh, what are you wearing? This isnââ¬â¢t the 20th centuryâ⬠there are always different ways people take in criticism either they take it positively and approveRead MoreBody Language And Nonverbal Communication1624 Words à |à 7 PagesThe film Body language nonverbal communication is a show held by Allan Pease explaining what is a nonverbal communication. I enjoyed this video as Allan Pease explains with humor a nd humility with the help of the public what our body is telling about us in our everyday attitudes. Nonverbal communication refers to the study of body language, which is: facial expressions, gestures, interpersonal distances ... For the broadest definition of non-verbal, it is a mode of communication that has notRead MorePlatos View on Lying Essay1029 Words à |à 5 PagesPlatos View on Lying What is a lie? And when is it appropriate to tell a lie? Are two questions to think about after reading Platos Republic translated by G.M.A Grube. A lie by definition is a false statement intended to deceive. Most people would agree this is not a just thing to do to your friends. In American society today, lying has always been a bad thing to do. Trust is very important, parents always tell their kids never to lie or they will loose their trust. Plato disagrees, withRead MoreContextualism: Morality and Ethical Judgment768 Words à |à 4 Pagesby a formal law or rule (Moore, 2010. Lecture week 5). This method of decision making has its advantages and disadvantages, an advantage would be the fact that this ethical judgment can be made only after the problem situation exists, not before (Christian, 2009. p 380) whereas the formalism and relativism have to meet certain ethical codes imposed by universal laws and society respectively. A disadvantage would be that no moral values or belie fs matter when making a decision. Contextualism canââ¬â¢t beRead MoreFmri, The New Aspects Of Deception Detection1496 Words à |à 6 Pagesbecomes human behaviour, lie detection will play key role of proving their deceit. For a century, researchers studied significantly about lying and deception as the human behaviour in scientific, philosophical and legal aspects (Ford, 2006) and attempted to create the instruments to detect lies. Many techniques were developed to detect deception and determine the truth (Kleinmuntz and Szucko, 1984 cited in National Research Council, 2003). In early of the 20th century, lie detection was invented byRead MoreDifferent Types of Lying1731 Words à |à 7 PagesPeople lie a lot in their lives. Even though they know that it is morally and religiously incorrect, they do it all the time. Mothers lie to their children; children lie to their parents and students to their teachers. It is a huge part of people daily behavior. They do it for many reasons, like lying to gain certain things or lying to avoid responsibilities. For example, when a girl tells her friend she does not looks fat in her new dress but the truth she does, or when a wife tells her husband doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-74982042318475393742019-12-14T21:54:00.001-08:002019-12-14T21:54:04.324-08:00Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism Free Essays string(74) " Ford Motor Corporation was transferred to Highland Park, Michigan Plant\." Name: Ginu Abraham Registration Number: H00124734 Course: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Coursework type: ESSAY Course Tutor: Dr. UmmeSalma HOW CAN THE EMERGENCE OF MNCs BE BEST EXPLAINED? Multi-National Corporations are corporations which have their head office in one country which is called the host country or the home country from where it manages their operations all over the world. Normally any corporation or group which derives the quarter of their income from their operations outside the host country is considered a multinational corporation. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are mainly four categories of Multi-National Corporations (1) a multinational, decentralized corporation with strong home country presence, (2) a global, centralized corporation that acquires cost advantages through centralized production wherever cheaper resources are available (3) an international company that builds on the parent corporationââ¬â¢s technology or R;amp;D (4) a transitional enterprise that combines the previous three approaches . As according to the UN data about 35000 companies have direct investment in foreign countries, and the largest 100 of them control about 40 percent of world trade. Anon. , 2012) The birth of MNCââ¬â¢s started from the early days of transitional trade started by Mesopotamian, Phoenician and Greek merchants. As the result of fall of Roman Empire the trade among various nations became difficult. The feudalism in Middle East and Europe resulted in wars among feudal lords and church prohibited the trade with the Muslim nations. After years the trade was established by traders of Italy who are considered as the predecessors of present day Multi-National Corporations. In the mid of seventeenth and eighteenth century Multinational corporations in the form of trading companies started. The East India Company, the French Levant Company, the Hudson Bay Company, was the main multinational companies established in those days. Standard Oil, British Petroleum, International Nickel and Ana Conda Copper were the main MNCs investing mainly in petroleum and mining industries in the early twentieth century. The MNCs went through three main phases in their growth process. The first phase came to an end almost at the beginning of the 1st World War. The European Companies such as Imperial Tobacco, Dunlop, Siemens, Philips, etc. captured the field. Due to the recessionary situation prevailing world over during the post-war period amidst of 1930-1950 the growth of Multinational corporations came to a halt. During the first phase, decades of 1950s and 1960s witnessed the emergence of American MNCs such as IBM, General Motors, and Ford Motors. The 1970ââ¬â¢s witnessed the third phase of MNCââ¬â¢s. The new age belonged to the German, Europeans and Japanese MNCs. The recent years witnessed the emergence of MNCS from developing countries such as Indonesia, India etc. (Nirav, 2012) Let us consider the case of Ford Motor Corporation over the years. The life cycle of this company will help us better understand the emergence of the MNCs Ford Motors is an American automotive corporation found by Henry Ford and a number of associates, who were C. H Bennett, Alexander Malcomson, James Couzens, John W. Anderson, John F. Dodge, Charles J. Woodall, Horace H. Rackham, Horace E. Dodge, Vernon C. Fry, John S. Gray and Albert Strelow started on June 1903. The company have produced automotive parts and heavy vehicles in the past. The Ford Motor company today produces luxury and commercial cars. (Anon. , www. britannica. com) Ford introduced various methods which were later called as Fordism. These were the methods like assembly lines and management of high scale industrial work-force and methods for higher level of production of cars. Henry Ford was one most common symbol of transformation of agricultural to industrial mass production, mass consumption economy. Ford was the creative or most resourceful force which resulted in the growth to superiority of the automobile industry to the worldââ¬â¢s prime manufacturing activity. The foremost of the transformations it made was from the craft production to the mass production which helped in the creation of markets as it is mainly based on the economies of scale and scope which resulted in the rise to giant organizations which were built upon minute divisions of labour and functional specialisation. These were the main factors which resulted in the creation of a wider market. The company grew on the concept that to manufacture it by mass and to standardize a product in end would mean to price it so low so that even the lay man would afford to buy it. Ford manufactured almost everything he required for his cars right from the basic raw materials. Ford mastered the mass production techniques to achieve significant economies by taking the task of doing everything by him. Ford was cautious about finance, accounting and giving super vision short and straight for the efficient coordination of the free flow of the raw materials and the components through the production procedure. These were the two reasons why Ford vertically integrated the corporation. Though for the complete vertical integration it needed a huge amount work force including middle managers and specialists which were to be employed and assigned according to the hierarchical scheme. Thus in the end it all helped in the vertical integration of the corporation. By 1950s, the increase in mass production made them the largest single group within every developed country. (Thompson, n. d. The following chain of events will help to shed some light on the three stages of evolution of the company to an MNC. These stages will be further explained following the key moments in history. Ford Motor Corporation sold their first car which was assembled in their Mack Avenue plant in Detroit. The first car that they sold was a two cylinder model A on July 23rd. The Model T was made available to the public in 1908 and in which model production continued until 1927. Ford Motor Corporation of Canada incorporated n ear Winsor in Ontario. In the same year Ford Motor corporation starts the production at the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit In 1910 The Manufacturing operations of Ford Motor Corporation was transferred to Highland Park, Michigan Plant. You read "Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism" in category "Papers" The corporation established their first overseas plant in Trafford Park, Manchester, England in 1911. The experiments with the assembly line began at the Highland Park Plant. The early trials with the transmissions and magnetos were followed by the advancement of chassis assembly line by the mid of the 1913 and by the end of the 1915 the one millionth car was produced by the Ford Motor Corporation. Two years later first Ford truck was introduced which was supported by the Model T engine and in the same year the production of Fordson tractor begins which until Feb 1928 was produced only in North America. It was in the beginning of the 1922 the Ford Motor company purchased Lincoln Motor Company for 8 million dollars and Edsel Ford the son of Henry Ford was named as the president of the Lincoln. After five years from the purchase of Lincoln Motor Company, it ceases the model T production which was being sold to the public since 1908. Ford starts with production of the Model A in the same year which continues till 1932. By the beginning of 1941 ford started producing the Mercury, the first jeep and first V8 en-block engine-equipped car built. All these car productions came to a halt by the beginning of World War II in 1942 and the production of Ford passenger cars was only resumed by July 3rd 1945. Later in 1956 Ford Motor company transforms into a publicly-held company with the common stock sale in the public and was listed on NYSE in the beginning of 1956. By the same year the Ford Motor company subsidiary on Aeronutronics systems, established which specialized in defence weapons and aerospace technology. As the Ford Motor corporation went on progressing with their production and sales reaching higher demands it finally achieves exceeded earnings than those of the General Motors for the First time in 1986/1987. The same year it earns record profits of 4. 63 billion but later on in 1991 Ford Motor Companyââ¬â¢s largest loss in a year was recorded as 2. 3 billion. As the result the Ford Motor company creates a Quality Care system to meet the needs the Ford dealerships and Ford owners. The same year Ford and Volkswagen Embark on a joint venture in ââ¬Å"Auto Europaâ⬠, which is an organisation which produce multipurpose vehicles in Portugal. Later next year Fordââ¬â¢s F series truck known as the best-selling truck for the tenth consecutive years in United States. Ford also succeeds in producing the first car which has environment friendly air-conditioning system. By the same year, Ford acquires 50% of the Mazda Motor Manufacturing and renames it as Auto Alliance International. In the year 1993, Ford is claims five of the eight top selling vehicles in the United States. The same year the first formal Ford Dealerships were placed inside the mainland China and the Ford China operations later secured the manufacturing and assembly. In 1994 the first ford assembly began in India and acquires the worldââ¬â¢s largest car rental company named Hertz. Finally in 1995 the Ford 2000 is initiated which was said to combine the power, resources ultimately to be a world company with the intimacy and agility of a small one. (Anon. , 2010) Later through years till to date the Ford Motor Corporation concentrated firmly on increasing the consumer base by marketing and developing new products and to achieve their globalization goals. Ford also tried to put more effort on the research and development to increase their consumer base by commercialising cars powered with natural gas. The company advanced by developing and introducing new features like side impact airbags to their products. The growth and development of the corporation reached even up to the teaming up with the NASA to develop features for their cars which no other corporations in automobile industry have ever provided. Over the years though the ford corporation have already started selling their products, after the 90s it came to a broader perspective of growth by extending their fields to various other sections by teaming up with NASA, Oracle Corporation and even a YMCA Childcare, which portrays the in deep goals to become more than a popular automobile manufacturing corporation. At this juncture I would like to shed some light on three stage of evolution that the Ford Corporation had to get through to become a MNC. There are generally three stages of evolution for a corporation to become a Multinational Corporation; they are the Export stage, Foreign Production Stage and finally the Multinational stage. (BRIMS, n. d. ) The Fords motor Corporation which after its incorporation in 1903 made their first model commercialised for the public after a few years from incorporation. At this first stage of Export, it is the point of time were the Ford Motor Corporation had to completely rely on the export agents for exporting the cars outside their home country as they had no other option to increase their export sales. They built plants in Detroit and Michigan to increase the production to satisfy the demand for the cars. The company focuses mainly on achieving higher number of export sales and introduces methods like assembly line to reduce cost and to save time which ultimately increases the production. In the second stage of foreign production, the Ford motor corporationââ¬â¢s export sales reach the limits of the sales to the foreign countries in means of export sales. Now the Corporation had the option of either to start a plant in a foreign country or to license corporationââ¬â¢s technology to a new company in a foreign country is a risky choice as it may result in transfer of trade secrets regarding the technology to a new firm thereby paving way for the rise of a rival. In spite of these facts the Ford Motor Corporation established their foremost overseas manufacturing plant in Trafford Park, Manchester. Thus the productivity of the Ford Motor Corporation increases and in 1915 it produces he one millionth ford car and over the decades the Ford Motor Corporation increases their productivity by building more efficient and advanced plants throughout the home country and in foreign countries as well, which means it has already entered the final stage of being a multinational company. In this final stage, Ford Motor Corporation focuses on research and development, financing, and recruiting and co-ordinating production. By viewing the world market into a broader and growth intended view which results in the standardisation of products and the services paving way for the emergence of MNCs. From this it is easy for us to understand the different phases involved in an organisationââ¬â¢s transformation into an MNC. This also helps us to understand the changing market trends and consumer behavioural characteristics thus helping us understand the concept of business as a whole. REFERENCE Anon. , 2010. www. thehenryford. org. [Online] Available at: http://www. thehenryford. org/exhibits/fmc/chrono. asp [Accessed 19 09 2012]. Anon. , 2012. www. businessdictionary. com. [Online] Available at: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/multinational-corporation-MNC. html Anon. , www. britannica. com. www. britannica. com. Online] Available at: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/213265/Ford-Motor-Company [Accessed 19 09 2012]. BRIMS, D. V. , n. d. A Brief on MNCs inside pages, s. l. : s. n. BRIMS, D. V. , n. d. A Brief on MNCs inside pages, s. l. : s. n. Nirav, S. , 2012. www. preservearticles. com. [Online] Available at: http://www. preservearticles. com/2012020122380/emergence-of-mncs-in-a-historical-perspective. html [Accessed 20 09 2012]. Thompson, G. F. , n. d. Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible System of Production, Virginia: s. n. Thompson, G. F. , n. d. Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible Sytem of Production , Virginia: s. n. How to cite Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism, Papers doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-40988049929298729772019-12-06T18:18:00.001-08:002019-12-06T18:18:03.630-08:00Causes of Depression free essay sample Feeling sad, or what we may call depressed, happens to all of us, but for most of us the sensation usually leaves after a while. However, people with a depressive disorder, such as clinical depression, find that their state interferes with their daily life. Depression is a condition of general emotional withdrawal. It is sadness greater and more prolonged and does not always have a reason. For people with clinical depression, their normal functioning is so different that both they and those who care about them are affected by it. Depression was initially called melancholia. The earliest known occurrences of melancholia appeared in ancient Mesopotamian texts in the second millennium B. C. At this time, all mental illnesses were said to be demonic possession, and were handled to by priests. Hippocrates, a Greek physician, had physical explanations for depression, as oppose to Cicero, a Roman philosopher, who had mental explanations for it. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Depression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So as you can tell, for millennia the human race has been trying to determine the causes depression. There are many different forms of depression such as Psychotic Depression (which occurs when depression co-exists ue to the fact that newborns can be overwhelming), Seasonal Affective Disorder also known as SAD (which occurs only in winter months due to low levels of natural sunlight), and Bipolar Disorder (which is cycling mood changes-from extreme highs to extreme lows). Depression can also co-exist with a variety of anxiety disorders, alcohol, drugs and serious medical illnesses, which lead to emotional and physical problems. Unlike other illnesses or disorders, there is no simple explanation as to what causes depression. In general, depression is caused by environmental, iological and psychological factors such as hormones, early childhood trauma and biological differences. Changes in the bodys balance of hormones are involved in causing or triggering depression, more specifically a hormone called corticotropin. Corticotropin plays a large role in flight aspect of the flight or fight method in the brain. It causes the release of other biochemicals that are triggered during the flight aspect of the method. People with depression often have irregularly large amounts of corticotropin. Hormone changes can also occur as a result from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions also. Hormones (ex. Testosterone, androgen, estrogen) are substances produced by the endocrine glands that have a significant effect on bodily processes. The glands in the endocrine system influence growth and development, mood, sexual function, reproduction, and metabolism (Goldberg, 2012). Levels of hormones, can be factors in depression, for example, if an individual lacks or has excessive amounts of any hormones it can have adverse effects including depression. The same is true about conditions related to the menstrual cycle, such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), pre-menopause, and menopause. Because depression and many other common medical conditions cause levels of hormones to fluctuate blood tests are usually ordered so as to make an accurate diagnosis. It is possible to have depression and menstruation-related symptoms or depression and thyroid symptoms at the same time. Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression because women are more prone to hormone fluctuations. Some women experience depression-related symptoms such as sadness and fatigue prior to menstruation. These symptoms are part of the premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. When pregnant, women are subject to physical and motional changes caused by changes in hormone levels. After pregnancy, women experience a huge shift in hormone levels. Baby blues, a mild type of depression that follows child birth immediately and resolves quickly is most likely the cause of this shift. A more severe form of this depression post-partum depression could also be the result. When women get older and begin to no longer be able to bear children, they experience changes in hormone levels. These changes occur during pre-menopause and menopause. Symptoms during this time of life can include fatigue, sleep disturbances, weight gain, and skin changes. Treating depression in mothers is important for both mothers and children. Treatment of hormone-related depression may include the same things that work for depression in general such as talk therapy, strong support networks, and antidepressant medications. Childhood is supposed to be a happy, carefree time, and for most of children, it is. Unfortunately for some children they can be neglected, and/or abused physically, mentally or sexually. These events during childhood, such as abuse or loss of a parent, may depression. Considerable evidence from clinical studies states that stressful or raumatic events early in development have long-lasting effects on the development of the brain. In particular, the neural and endocrine systems, mediating the response to stress, exhibit persistent alterations after adverse childhood events. Clinically, patients with a history of childhood trauma often struggle with symptoms such as, both depression and anxiety. A wide variety of later disorders and symptoms have been connected to early-life stress and abuse, including cardiovascular disease, fibromyalgia, fatigue, anxiety, and addiction. However, one of the most common onsequences of having suffered trauma as a child is a higher risk of developing depression as an adult. Depression may also be triggered by physical abnormalities within the brain. Brain- imaging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have shown that the brains of people who are depressed look different than those of people who are not. The parts of the brain involved in mood, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior appear to be different. But these images do not reveal why the depression has occurred. In general, several regions of the brain are less active in people who are epressed than in people who healthy brain activity. The reduced activity in these areas probably explains why depressed people experience feelings of exhaustion. It is more likely due to a variety of brain abnormalities. In depressed patients, some parts of the brain may display abnormally low activity (prefrontal cortex), but others may be hyperactive (limbic system). The important point is that depression sets in when the interactions among these various regions of the brain are interrupted or the equilibrium among them is upset (Dubuc, 2002). Studies on brain activity in epressed people do seem to reveal an overall pattern: a general decline in activity in the prefrontal cortex, combined with increased activity in the brains limbic structures, as stated before. In conclusion, unlike other illnesses or disorders, there is no simple explanation as to what causes depression. In general, depression is caused by environmental, biological and psychological factors such as hormones, early childhood trauma and biological differences. As previously explained, due to depressions highly subjective nature the cause of it cannot be accurately explained. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-18457544491151205122019-11-29T06:20:00.001-08:002019-11-29T06:20:03.382-08:00Your Not Fat, Just Big Boned. Essays - Obesity, Discrimination Your Not Fat, Just Big Boned. Your Not Fat, Just Big Boned. Many people have heard the terms your not fat, just big boned, well nurished, or perhaps husky. Well, as sombody of my generation might say WHATEVER. Face it America were fat. I am talking about fat, the spare tire syndrom, or however you would like phrase it, but were still fat. We are all looking for a good get thin quike sceam, you know the one that takes no effert, and possible enjoyable. Then, again I'm afraid to disapoint you, there is not, nor will there ever be, but perhaps it's simpler than most realize. We Americans are fat for several different reasons and they have little or nothing to do with our diets or what we eat. Our obeasity begins when were young. You might have had parents like mine, the parents who said your not excused untill you eat everything on you plate, or perhaps they commited a double phopa and said no desert untill your plate is cleared. What ever the case may be, many of us are fat because of it. These phrases become stuck in our heads, and from then on every time we sit down at the table weather it be a lot or a little we will uncontiously eat it untill our plate is clean, or we are physically full. A simple solution to a simple problem, and goes like, this put less on your plate. A few ways to atempt this are spread out your food on your plate, add few veggies and garnishes make it appear to be more than what it realy is. Another would be to drink a large glass of water before you begin to eat, and perhaps just eat slower. The whole idea behind this concept is to fool the mind. Our mind tells us when we're hungry not because our stomach is empty, but because it needs something or it thinks it does, and nine times out of ten being the later. The mind is like any machine in being that we can program and train it for any funtion, all pending knowing how. So in this first method we are simple reprogram it. As we grow older other facters begin to play a roll, and the biggest is our social life. Our mind can not think of eating so easly if we have it on something else. In the teen years is when this becomes most evident. If you recall, the students that were involved in the majority of funtions were not the fat children. The fat children were not involved nearly as much, sure they were probably timid, and no doubt there were other factors involved, but it is all mental one way or another, and again it's all amatter of programing. Later on in life, we become contiously aware of our over weight problems, and this is great, but this is were the biggest problem begins. Not only does this problem affect our weight but our life span, and our life in general. The problem goes by the well known name of stress. I ask you to look at how many live well into their 80's. then ask them if any of them weried about eating healthy. Not that eating healthy is bad mind you. The problem lies with the stress of eating healthy. When most break open that choclate bar they begin to enjoy a pleasure of life, but they'er soon thinking thatb they will regret it, because some where a long the line we began to assotiate pleasuer with the idea of gread, or that for some reason we do not deserve this pleasure, but I digress. The real tie between stress and food are the cemical reactions the cause in our minds. Choclate seams to be the devals treat for women. Women have such a problem with choclate, because it releases the same chemical in the brain that comes when they fall in love, and they basicly fall in love with chochlate. men tend to have the same effect with read meat. Food is not the problem at all but in fact the reaction it has on our emotions. In any situation it all boils doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-46049843896011880442019-11-25T13:23:00.001-08:002019-11-25T13:23:04.524-08:00How Successful Have Revolutions proved as Ways of Changing t essaysHow Successful Have Revolutions proved as Ways of Changing t essays Revolutions as a catalyst for change are always going to be world changing events. By their nature a revolution pertains to either the overthrow of an existing political system or a dramatic change in ideas or practice. Yet one must consider the wider world in context. Whilst in all cases the revolution will change the immediate area, which may be considered by the local populace their world, in a wider context the actual impact of the revolutions may not have such an impact, or as in most cases that will be set out in this essay the revolutions will be set as a part of a larger set of circumstances. Revolutions are never isolated incidents, but a reaction to events viewed by a section of the populace, which they view to be unjust or wrong. The degree of success in changing the world is exceedingly difficult to ratify. In some systems such as Marxist Communism, the fruits of revolution may yet bloom from the failures of the democracy we are now living in. Thus the impact of the 1917 Russian Revolution may still be considered to be carrying on to this day within China, Cuba and North Korea, and these nations, especially in the Far East may yet change the world in the name of the Communist ideals they follow. Even now the impact of the French revolution can be seen within the democratic ideas the country shows, and through her actions within the European Union, upholding the constitutional ideals held by the original revolutionaries from back in 1789. To answer such a multi faceted question as has been set here, one must first consider the different types of revolution that can take place. Firstly a proletarian revolution spawns from below where the general populace, largely peasants, rises against the ruling class. Whilst Marxist thinking would deem this a true revolution, in reality the lack of organisation especially in a world before modern communications technology preve... doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-33182003745590946672019-11-21T20:47:00.001-08:002019-11-21T20:47:02.936-08:00Construction Management - Finance and Risk Management Essay - 1Construction Management - Finance and Risk Management - Essay Example In the first half of 2013 the country experienced GDP growth rate of 9.4%. There was a significant growth in the construction sector at 17.7%. This growth in the construction industry in noted due to the fact that about 2000 new facilities were being built in the country. However, it also needs to be noted that the construction industry is mainly dependent on the spending by the government as there is very limited spending in construction industry by people. This is due to the fact that priority of construction of private housing is low. It is seen that the construction industry in any country has a very important role to play in the economic development of any country and also as a supplier of the physical infrastructure of the country. After Turkmenistan broke free from Russia, the government has tried to build the physical infrastructure problems that aim at reconstructing Turkmenistan. This has led to the fact that GDP growth in the construction industry was 2.2 times. However, t here are several risk factors that are associated with any industry. Any industry should make policies that are associated towards managing those risks. The various risk factors or the factors that are associated with uncertainty are related to implementation of new technology, availability of workforce that is experienced, availability of timely payments by the government, bureaucratic risks etc. There are other factors that are related to failure of being able to meet the deadlines. All these factors ultimately translate to risk for the construction industry. Now the question that arises in this context is related to the risk management practices that are implemented to counter the risk. The paper analyzes the risk management methods and the perception of risk management and financial management methods by the people. I think that whether it is the government or the public or the company or individual everyone doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-61772343334778823022019-11-20T17:13:00.001-08:002019-11-20T17:13:03.634-08:00The Regulatory Response to the Corporate Scandals in the USA and the EssayThe Regulatory Response to the Corporate Scandals in the USA and the EU was Diametrically Different - Essay Example In order to have this assurance, investors generally rely on the published annual report and accounts of companies. However, although the annual report and accounts may provide a reasonable approximation of companiesââ¬â¢ activities, there are issues not shown in the annual report and accounts that could affect these companiesââ¬â¢ financial situations, as well as the reputation of international stock markets2. For instance, despite the fact that the annual report and accounts seemed healthy, the last decade faced a large number of corporate scandals and collapses. These corporate crises have affected several people, as in the case of shareholders, managers, directors, employees and consumers. Some would argue that the main cause of these corporate crises is the weakness of corporate governance regulations in the world, as well as a need to have good corporate governance codes in order to prevent further scandals and collapses.3 As a consequence, countries have been trying duri ng the last decade to develop and update their corporate governance systems. ... In this part, the shortcomings of the USA and the EU regulations that appeared after scandals will be mentioned. Subsequent to that, the difference of the USA response will be explained. In this part, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and its new provisions, Sections 302 and 404, will be discussed. Finally, the differences of the EU response will be discussed in light of the national and the pan-European level. 1. Corporate Governance Evolution and Scandals It is widely believed that the development of corporate governance codes has often been driven by financial scandals, corporate collapses and similar crises. For instance, at the beginning of the 1990s various financial scandals and corporate collapses happened in the UK, as in the case of Coloroll, Polly Peck and Maxwell.5 These crises led the Financial Reporting Council and the London Stock Exchange to establish the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance in May 1991; Sir Adrian Cadbury chaired this council in order to i mprove the UKââ¬â¢s Code of corporate governance. As a consequence, in December 1991 the Committee issued the Cadbury Report that influenced many corporate governance codes across the world.6 The Report stated several recommendations that focused on corporate governance issues, in particular, the operation of the main board, the role of non-executive directors and the reporting and control mechanism of firm.7 Additionally, the development of corporate governance codes, supported by many non-governmental organizations, issued principles and practices that should govern corporates globally.8 For example, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published its Principles of Corporate Governance in 1991; this was revised in 2004.9 doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-15000023206066857052019-11-18T16:46:00.001-08:002019-11-18T16:46:03.143-08:00Corporate social responsibility as tool for risk management DissertationCorporate social responsibility as tool for risk management - Dissertation Example 3. How does the level of corporate social responsibility practices taken in the company happen to impact the profitability position of the company? 4. What are the best possible practices in terms of corporate social responsibility dimension which are practiced in J Sainsbury Plc? Findings and Analysis The findings and analysis portion would first endeavor to identify potential relationships between the parameters of corporate social responsibility and the activities to mitigate the level of business risks. Through the findings the potential of corporate social responsibility parameter would be analyzed in regards to the appropriation of business profits to help create and sustain effective relationship with the external and internal stakeholders of the company. The use of corporate social responsibility models can be used by the company in countering the level of social risks involved through the gaining of valuable information from the stakeholderââ¬â¢s end (Kytle & Ruggie, 2005 ,p.5-8). Further findings show that though the act of rendering social responsibility tends to reflect that profits of the company are generally used for rendering social activities. However it is observed that in the long run such social responsibility activities of the company happens to enhance the goodwill of the concern and hence also augments its social value (Parkinson, 1995, p.261). In this respect the case of J Sainsbury Plc also shows that increased commitment rendered in sustaining both the natural environment and in establishing enhanced relationships with the community at large has helped the company to gain wider market coverage. Again the level of social responsibility practices also helps the company in enhancing the recruitment possibilities in the company through the opening up of more number of retail outlets in the region (J Sainsbury Plc, 2011, p.64-65). The senior management has realized the importance of CSR guidelines as a tool for the company to position its elf in the competitive climate. Proper CSR guidelines not only reflect the expectations of the stakeholders from the company but also monitor the behavior of the company in whichever place it operates. Although these guidelines are not legally binding, yet they reflect the governmentââ¬â¢s expectations of the company on corporate social responsibility (UNICE, 2001, p.3). The most challenging part of the corporate social responsibility is that they act as benchmark against which they are evaluated by governments and stakeholders. They do not replace the sectoral code of conduct or the individual companies (Mullerat, 2010, p.39). A response of the senior management also throws light on the fact that CSR is viewed as an important management tool in the organization. Corporate social responsibility has both an internal and an external dimension. Human resource management, health and safety factors associated with the occupation, business restructuring, management of natural resources and the environmental impacts are some of the internal dimensions of CSR. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-41192235019850518642019-11-16T05:18:00.001-08:002019-11-16T05:18:07.677-08:00Sustainable Tourism in Developing CountriesSustainable Tourism in Developing Countries To what extent can tourism beà sustainable in developing countries? Introduction Tourism Sustainability Conclusion References Introduction When one looks at monetary flows, along with the creation of jobs, the tourism sector represents one of the largest industries globally[1]. The preceding aspect is an important one, as tourism provides the opportunity for small and medium sized (5 through 500 employees) businesses to form, along with micro enterprises that typical consist of fewer than six people, and usually represent family operations[2]. These types of enterprises create employment opportunities, and in tourism, particularly in developing countries, the influx of tourist money provides openings for street vendors, cart food services, transport, and other self employment[3]. An example of the importance of micro enterprises and SMEââ¬â¢s is provided in an International Finance Corporation report authored by Hallberg[4] that states these types of firms represent the majority of employment. She points out that in Ecuador firms with less than 50 employees represents 99 percent of all enterprises in that country, an d 55 percent of employment[5]. In the case of Bangladesh, enterprises with less than 100 employees represented 99 percent of all companies, employing 58 percent of all workers[6]. The preceding has been brought forth to provide the context for this examination in the extent that tourism can be sustainable in developing countries. The point being made is that the hard currency flows represent an economic benefit that is important not only in tourism monies spent, but also as a basis for foreign investment and the creation of opportunities for foreign businesses to set up operations, with tourism as the entree. The foregoing economic benefits represent a critical facet in approaching and understanding the importance of tourism to developing countries. The preceding importance also holds true for developed countries as well. The importance of tourism in developed countries is brought forth by the Assistant Secretary General of the World Tourism Organization, Geoffrey Lipman, who stated ââ¬Å"Showing the full economic impact of the sector in the Index will enhance travel tourismââ¬â¢s relevance for policy-makersâ⬠¦The Index makes clear that, although industrialized states currently dominate, poorer countries have a massive potential to be the leading force in international tourism,[7]. The significance of mentioning this Report in the context of this examination is that it provides an analysis of key drivers regarding competitiveness, which are thirteen pillars, as represented by ââ¬Å"1. policy rules and regulations, 2. environmental regulation, 3. safety and security, 4. health an d hygiene, 5. prioritisation of travel and tourism, 6. air transport infrastructure, 7. ground transport infrastructure, 8. tourism infrastructure, 9. information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, 10. price competitiveness, 11. human capital, 12. national tourism perception, and 13. natural and cultural resources[8]. The benefits to a country and its populace as a result of tourism can have long term implications economically, however, the foundations, as set forth by the foregoing pillars, indicates that attaining such a goal requires commitment and a national plan to achieve. Tourism Sustainability The preceding brought forth the complexities involved in conducting tourism, highlighting that it is not a segment that can be entered into lightly if long term and sustainable results are to be achieved. An example of the Index illustrates the foregoing: Chart 1 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index ââ¬â Regulatory Framework Segments 1 through 5[9] Pillars 1. Policy 2. Environment 3. Safety 4. Health 5. Priority Rules Sustainability Security Hygiene TT Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania 104 3.69 93 4.08 71 4.93 59 476 104 3.55 Argentina 91 3.95 107 3.94 98 4.45 40 5.62 70 4.23 Austria 22 5.04 53 4.63 21 5.85 37 5.72 32 4.92 Bangladesh 114 3.31 121 3.71 129 2.83 117 2.11 122 2.77 Bolivia 127 2.88 104 3.98 92 4.53 14 6.51 91 3.81 Botswana 74 4.13 68 4.42 50 5.26 97 3.24 82 3.95 U.K. 5 5.54 10 5.56 65 5.01 41 5.58 43 4.69 U.S. 19 5.22 100 4.02 119 3.75 44 5.50 21 5.26 Chart 2 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index ââ¬â Regulatory Framework Segments 6 through 10[10] Pillars 6. Air 7. Ground 8. Tourism 9. ICT 10 Price Transport Transport Infrastructure Infrastructure Compettive Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania 112 2.20 116 2.55 86 2.53 86 2.16 90 4.33 Argentina 67 2.94 90 3.05 53 3.91 54 3.03 41 4.94 Austria 29 4.25 10 6.03 1 7.00 20 4.88 104 4.17 Bangladesh 116 2.12 69 3.56 122 1.29 122 1.52 10 5.44 Bolivia 108 2.25 114 2.59 99 2.21 106 1.81 14 5.32 Botswana 77 2.72 72 3.50 78 2.80 92 2.05 6 5.49 U.K. 4 5.65 11 5.85 16 6.18 9 5.46 127 3.44 U.S. 2 6.34 19 5.45 6 6.74 13 5.23 105 4.18 Chart 3 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index ââ¬â Regulatory Framework Segments 11 through 14[11] Pillars 11. Human 12. Affinity 13. Natural 14. Cultural Resources Resources Resources Country Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Albania 58 5.03 6 6.32 130 1.87 75 2.17 Argentina 60 5.01 74 4.69 12 5.01 41 3.29 Austria 19 5.62 23 5.45 37 4.00 11 5.59 Bangladesh 107 4.26 125 3.95 100 2.61 109 1.44 Bolivia 98 4.60 116 4.18 15 4.86 62 2.45 Botswana 124 3.36 58 4.85 31 4.20 113 1.37 U.K. 7 5.87 90 4.54 27 4.35 4 6.28 U.S. 5 5.91 114 4.29 2 6.04 7 5.83 The preceding Charts provide a summary look at the varied areas that a country needs to consider in order to make tourism work in the face of the high rate of competitiveness. It points out the comparative facets inherent in generating tourism as well as a basis for understanding areas of deficiency and potential strengths in crafting a plan for sustainability. In order to increase and build the tourism sector, the country, its business community as well as populace need to be able to contribute as well as participate in the process. Britton[12] helps us to understand that tourism entails ââ¬Å"â⬠¦travel flows; microscale spatial structure and land use of tourist places and facilities; economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts of tourist activity; impacts of tourism in third world countries; geographic patterns of recreation and leisure pastimes; and the planning implications of all these topicsâ⬠as vital areas. In order to arrive at the point of sustainability in tourism, third world countries have to have or be in the process of developing the underlying structures that create and generate attraction for potential visits, with the understanding that other locales are engaging in the same objectives[13]. Thus, sustainability means building upon what currently exists via definitive plans to maintain present levels, and of course enhance them in order to compete effectively. Richards and Hall[14] advise that sustainable tourism represents a broad range of issues, which the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index illustrated[15]. It, sustainable tourism, includes cultural facets, social accountability, environmental practices, economic considerations, quality of life, safety and security issues in terms of crime and policing. Universally, there is no agreed upon framework for sustainable tourism as the conditions, circumstances and allied facets for countries differ. However, sustainability in tourism is a real factor, one that demands the coordinated and concerned effort of the government, businesses and populace to work. In understanding the sustainability aspects and why such is important, one needs to be mindful of the economic ramifications that are the foundation for the importan ce attached to tourism by all countries, not just developing ones[16]. Tourism is an economic pursuit, and as such it aids a country, and more specifically city and or region to grow, improve and earn currency from travellers, investment, and new business openings[17]. The importance of tourism as an economic force is evidenced by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which developed the first legally binding multilateral agreement that deals with trade in the tourism sector[18]. Its main provision sets forth the elimination of barriers to prevent foreign service providers and investors from participating in market access[19]. In order to make tourism sustainable, governmental policies, standards and practices need to ensure that there are a series of planned steps to enhance the efforts in the tourist sector, which unfortunately is not usually the case in developing countries[20]. Usually, in developing countries, efforts to promote tourism have been initiated and implemented by the private sector as well as in some cases citizenââ¬â¢s groups[21]. The foregoing represents a core issue in that these types of efforts are doomed to be short term actions based upon surges in popularity of an area generated by avant garde travellers that have discovered a quiet, generally unspoiled location, and other disjointed means that does not have an official plan behind it[22]. As shown by the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index[23], competition in the tourism segment is marked by a broad number of underlying foundations that require concerted efforts and involvement on the part of the aforementioned government, private business sector, and community. Obvious facets that require government participation on a defined level represent marketing and promotional activities through an official tourist agency, the long term and consistent development of infrastructure related areas such as airports, transport, roads, and other support factors[24]. The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development[25] points to the importance of national, regional and local governments in planning for sustainable development as the ââ¬Å"â⬠¦providers of social services, builders of economic infrastructure, regulators of economic activity, and managers of the natural environment, local authorities have many direct instruments at their disposal to influence developmentâ⬠. The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development[26] adds to the preceding by telling us that planned tourism activities are essential to ensure that the local communities have a level playing field in terms of inclusion and involvement concerning the economic wealth generated by tourist activities, along with planning to minimise environmental impacts, and improvement of the social welfare. Tourism is an industry that competes with like locations on the international stage, with many developing countries organised for this area in a concerned manner. To compete on this level, sustainable tourism must operate like a business. Place or destination marketing is a hallmark in the process, which Gold and Ward[27] advise ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ is defined as a process whereby local activities are related as closely as possible to the demands of the targeted customer â⬠¦ (with the intention) to maximise the efficient social and economic functioning of the area concerned, in accordance with whatever wider goals have been establishedâ⬠. Each locale has to identify its special features and communicate the advantages that it has to prospective travelers through concerted efforts. Products and services offered by companies are geared toward the long term, noted by their comprehensive marketing, promotional and related plans to seek competitive advantages, and induce consumer trial[28]. To be effective over the long term, sustainable, destinations need to treat their locales in the same manner that companies do. Conclusion Sustainable tourism in developing countries represents an important economic aspect that can help to spur foreign investment in a broader sphere of industrial areas outside of tourism if conducted in a concerted manner. The importance of the preceding is that tourism is an important economic tool that can be utilised for broad range of areas that can benefit a developing country if its government has the vision, commitment and foresight to see the real world implications and demonstrated successes that tourism can bring. As pointed out, tourism represents a commitment to infrastructure, marketing, promotion, and the involvement of the private business sector along with the local communities that will be impacted to set the foundation for programs, facilities, business opportunities and commercial realisations that benefit the locale. Tourism is a means to change external opinions and perceptions of an area through internally directed programs such as place marketing. While some destinations may have been discovered by travellers or writers and became trendy ââ¬Ëin spotsââ¬â¢ that position will dwindle for the next ââ¬Ëin spotââ¬â¢ unless the government takes notice and seizes the opportunity to make the location one that stays on the tourist radar. In other instances, locales can be put into the tourist arena as a result of their special circumstances and conditions, such as weather, beaches, lakes, snow, forests, wild animals, monuments and ancient cities, cultural festivals and the like , Whatever the nuance, the building of travel requires planned infrastructure to enhance the experience. Easy transport access, rent cars, power, Internet lines, police, etc. Sustainable tourism requires sustainable efforts in order to make it work. References Apostolopoulos, Y., Gayle, D. (2002) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean Experiences. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT, United States Beirman, D. (2003) Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis: A Strategic Marketing Approach. Allen Unwin. Crows Nest, New South Wales Britton, S. (1991) Tourism, capital and place: towards a critical geography of tourism. Vol. 9. No. 4. Environment and Planning Development Bull, A. (1995) The economics of travel and tourism. Longman Press. Melbourne, Australia Coleman, S., Crang, M. (2002) Tourism: Between Place and Performance. Berghahn Books. New York, New York, United States Duffy-Smith, M. (2003) The Ethics of Tourism Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom Font, X., Bendell, J. (2002) Standards for Sustainable Tourism for the Purpose of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. World Tourism Organisation. Madrid, Spain Gold, J., Ward, S. (1994) Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions. John H. Wiley Sons. New York, New York, United States Hallberg, K. (2001) A Market-Oriented Strategy for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises- International Finance Corporation. Discussion Paper 40. Washington, D.C., United States Mahdi, A., Osman, M. (2000) An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Small and Micro-Enterprise Finance in Employment Creation. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.iceg.org/NE/projects/labor/epicfinal.pdf Mowforth, M., Munt, I. (2003) Tourism Sustainability: Development and Tourism in the Third World. Routledge. London, United Kingdom Richards, G., Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques of Analysing Industries and Competitors. Free Press. New York, New York, United States The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Global Importance of Tourism. The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development. New York, New York, United States UNCTAD (2002) Growing Micro and Small Enterprises in LDCs. UNCTAD, New York, United States United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Sustainable Tourism, A Local Authority Perspective. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, New York, New York, United States World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forumââ¬â¢s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease World Travel and Tourism Organisation (1999) The Global Importance of Tourism. Commission on Sustainable Development. World Travel and Tourism Organisation, New York, New York, United States 1 Footnotes [1] World Travel and Tourism Organisation (1999) The Global Importance of Tourism. Commission on Sustainable Development. World Travel and Tourism Organisation, New York, New York, United States [2] UNCTAD (2002) Growing Micro and Small Enterprises in LDCs. UNCTAD, New York, United States [3] Mahdi, A., Osman, M. (2000) An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Small and Micro-Enterprise Finance in Employment Creation. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.iceg.org/NE/projects/labor/epicfinal.pdf [4] Hallberg, K. (2001) A Market-Oriented Strategy for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises- International Finance Corporation. Discussion Paper 40. Washington, D.C., United States [5] Ibid [6] Ibid [7] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forumââ¬â¢s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [8] Ibid [9] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forumââ¬â¢s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [10] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forumââ¬â¢s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [11] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forumââ¬â¢s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [12] Britton, S. (1991) Tourism, capital and place: towards a critical geography of tourism. Vol. 9. No. 4. Environment and Planning Development. p. 451 [13] Mowforth, M., Munt, I. (2003) Tourism Sustainability: Development and Tourism in the Third World. Routledge. London, United Kingdom. p. 6 [14] Richards, G., Hall, D. (2000) Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom. P. 9 [15] World Travel and Tourism Organisation (1999) The Global Importance of Tourism. Commission on Sustainable Development. World Travel and Tourism Organisation, New York, New York, United States [16] Bull, A. (1995) The economics of travel and tourism. Longman Press. Melbourne, Australia. p. 23 [17] Apostolopoulos, Y., Gayle, D. (2002) Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean Experiences. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT, United States. p. 11 [18] Font, X., Bendell, J. (2002) Standards for Sustainable Tourism for the Purpose of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. World Tourism Organisation. Madrid, Spain [19] Ibid [20] Duffy-Smith, M. (2003) The Ethics of Tourism Development. Routledge. London, United Kingdom. p. 9 [21] Beirman, D. (2003) Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis: A Strategic Marketing Approach. Allen Unwin. Crows Nest, New South Wales. p. 222 [22] Ibid [23] World Economic Forum (2007) The World Economic Forumââ¬â¢s First Ever Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report. 1 March 2007. Retrieved on 6 January 2009 from http://www.weforum.org/en/media/Latest Press Releases/Tourismpressrelease [24] Coleman, S., Crang, M. (2002) Tourism: Between Place and Performance. Berghahn Books. New York, New York, United States. p. 53 [25] United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Sustainable Tourism, A Local Authority Perspective. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, New York, New York, United States [26] The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development (1999) Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Global Importance of Tourism. The U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development. New York, New York, United States [27] Gold, J., Ward, S. (1994) Place Promotion: The Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions. John H. Wiley Sons. New York, New York, United States. p. 41 [28] Porter, M. (1980) Competitive Strategy: Techniques of Analysing Industries and Competitors. Free Press. New York, New York, United States. pp. 34-36 doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1585692117676417042.post-67626752462559332182019-11-13T17:48:00.001-08:002019-11-13T17:48:05.168-08:00A Comparison of Stalin and Hitler as Dictators Essay -- WW II World WaA Comparison of Stalin and Hitler as Dictators Adolf Hitler This assignment will introduce you to two men, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. Two men that were responsible for genocide and mass destruction, similar in many ways though on two opposing sides with completely different fundamental ideas. Adolf Hitler was born as Adolf Schicklgruber in 1889 in Braunau am Inn, in Upper Austria and committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in 1945. He was Chancellor and Fuehrer of the Nazi-Empire from 1933 to 1945. Joseph Stalin was born as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in 1879 in the Caucasian town of Gori in Georgia and died of a brain haemorrhage in 1953 in Moscow. As a heir of Lenin he controlled the Soviet Union from 1928 until his death in 1953. Although on two sides with fundamentally different beliefs, their dreadful regimes were very much comparable. Hitler became dictator through the use of perfect propaganda, that was absolutely essential for the nazi-empire, and the voice of the German people, whereas Stalin was not elected but took over an already existing regime as a heir of Lenin. Both men had help of others in order to be able to take the final step of gaining absolute power. Hitler had cleverly used Hindenburg and Von Papen, while Zinoviev was very much responsible for making Stalin , Lenin's heir. The gaining of other people's trust was essential for both, Stalin and Hitler careers and therefore is a noticeable similiarity. Hitler reached dictatorial power in 1933 after the Enabling Law was passed, which was only done after the burning of the Reichstag, by which the Reichstag had decreased it's influence. Stalin gained... ...lude that these two regimes were very similar in many ways. These regimes shaped the entire history of 20th century Europe and still have a great influence on our world today. There are certainly differences in between Hitler and Stalin and their regimes although I think that the regimes were very similar in many ways, such as home front live, treatment of the opposition and the use industrialisation. In addition I must say that though Hitler had exterminated millions of Jews, had millions of fanatic supporters, a huge empire and many great successes , now 50 years later Stalin's regime and the communism believes are of a greater significance to our time than Hitler is, as there are still communist countries like China and North Korea that still have great influence on the political situation we are experiencing today. A Comparison of Stalin and Hitler as Dictators Essay -- WW II World Wa A Comparison of Stalin and Hitler as Dictators Adolf Hitler This assignment will introduce you to two men, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. Two men that were responsible for genocide and mass destruction, similar in many ways though on two opposing sides with completely different fundamental ideas. Adolf Hitler was born as Adolf Schicklgruber in 1889 in Braunau am Inn, in Upper Austria and committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in 1945. He was Chancellor and Fuehrer of the Nazi-Empire from 1933 to 1945. Joseph Stalin was born as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in 1879 in the Caucasian town of Gori in Georgia and died of a brain haemorrhage in 1953 in Moscow. As a heir of Lenin he controlled the Soviet Union from 1928 until his death in 1953. Although on two sides with fundamentally different beliefs, their dreadful regimes were very much comparable. Hitler became dictator through the use of perfect propaganda, that was absolutely essential for the nazi-empire, and the voice of the German people, whereas Stalin was not elected but took over an already existing regime as a heir of Lenin. Both men had help of others in order to be able to take the final step of gaining absolute power. Hitler had cleverly used Hindenburg and Von Papen, while Zinoviev was very much responsible for making Stalin , Lenin's heir. The gaining of other people's trust was essential for both, Stalin and Hitler careers and therefore is a noticeable similiarity. Hitler reached dictatorial power in 1933 after the Enabling Law was passed, which was only done after the burning of the Reichstag, by which the Reichstag had decreased it's influence. Stalin gained... ...lude that these two regimes were very similar in many ways. These regimes shaped the entire history of 20th century Europe and still have a great influence on our world today. There are certainly differences in between Hitler and Stalin and their regimes although I think that the regimes were very similar in many ways, such as home front live, treatment of the opposition and the use industrialisation. In addition I must say that though Hitler had exterminated millions of Jews, had millions of fanatic supporters, a huge empire and many great successes , now 50 years later Stalin's regime and the communism believes are of a greater significance to our time than Hitler is, as there are still communist countries like China and North Korea that still have great influence on the political situation we are experiencing today. doriswheeler19http://www.blogger.com/profile/04008319155568549178noreply@blogger.com0